Claim profile
1870–1879

The 1870s

Whose names filled the books of the 1870s — anyone at all, however long dead — counted as mentions per million words printed, so a period that simply published more does not inflate anyone.

Talked about then

Whose names appeared most in French books during the 1870s — whenever they lived.

In books written inEnglish14,075German3,121French2,919Italian1,652Spanish982Russian180Hebrew93Chinese2
  1. 1VoltaireVoltaire1694–1778 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers45
  2. 2Louis XIV of FranceLouis XIV of France1638–1715 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures30
  3. 3MolièreMolière1622–1673 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers18
  4. 4Louis XVI of FranceLouis XVI of France1754–1793 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures11
  5. 5Louis XV of FranceLouis XV of France1710–1774 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures10
  6. 6MontesquieuMontesquieu1689–1755 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics8.0
  7. 7Jules FavreJules Favre1809–1880 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians7.1
  8. 8François FénelonFrançois Fénelon1651–1715 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures6.3
  9. 9HIHenry II, Count of Euborn 1160 · 12th century · 🇫🇷 France5.4
  10. 10Henry II of FranceHenry II of France1519–1559 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians5.4
  11. 11Napoleon IIINapoleon III1808–1873 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians5.4
  12. 12Victor HugoVictor Hugo1802–1885 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers4.4
  13. 13Louis XVIII of FranceLouis XVIII of France1755–1824 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians4.0
  14. 14Jules SimonJules Simon1814–1896 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians3.9
  15. 15Louis XII of FranceLouis XII of France1462–1515 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures3.7
  16. 16Charles X of FranceCharles X of France1757–1836 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians3.5
  17. 17Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette1755–1793 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures2.9
  18. 18Francis de SalesFrancis de Sales1567–1622 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures2.8
  19. 19Joan of ArcJoan of Arc1412–1431 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France2.7
  20. 20Louis BlancLouis Blanc1811–1882 · 19th century · 🇪🇸 Spain · Politicians2.5
  21. 21Benjamin ConstantBenjamin Constant1767–1830 · 19th century · 🇨🇭 Switzerland · Politicians2.3
  22. 22Claude BernardClaude Bernard1813–1878 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians2.2
  23. 23Marie de' MediciMarie de' Medici1575–1642 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians2.2
  24. 24Vincent de PaulVincent de Paul1581–1660 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures2.1
  25. 25Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de BrantômePierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme1540–1614 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.8
  26. 26Jules FerryJules Ferry1832–1893 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.6
  27. 27Francis II of FranceFrancis II of France1544–1560 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.6
  28. 28Philip V of SpainPhilip V of Spain1683–1746 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.4
  29. 29Auguste ComteAuguste Comte1798–1857 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics1.3
  30. 30Alexandre Dumas filsAlexandre Dumas fils1824–1895 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.3
  31. 31Alexandre DumasAlexandre Dumas1802–1870 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.3
  32. 32La GrangeLa Grange1635–1692 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Actors1.2
  33. 33Pope Julius IIPope Julius II1443–1513 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Religious Figures1.2
  34. 34André ChénierAndré Chénier1762–1794 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.1
  35. 35Charles the BoldCharles the Bold1433–1477 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.1
  36. 36George SandGeorge Sand1804–1876 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.1
  37. 37Firmin DidotFirmin Didot1764–1836 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.1
  38. 38Louis BonaparteLouis Bonaparte1778–1846 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.1
  39. 39NapoleonNapoleon1769–1821 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures1.1
  40. 40Alfred de MussetAlfred de Musset1810–1857 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.1
  41. 41Charles de Lorraine de VaudémontCharles de Lorraine de Vaudémont1561–1587 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures1.0
  42. 42Charles of LorraineCharles of Lorraine1567–1607 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France1.0
  43. 43Odilon BarrotOdilon Barrot1791–1873 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.0
  44. 44Théophile GautierThéophile Gautier1811–1872 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.94
  45. 45Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau1712–1778 · 18th century · 🇨🇭 Switzerland · Academics0.92
  46. 46Camille DesmoulinsCamille Desmoulins1760–1794 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Journalists0.90
  47. 47Augustin ThierryAugustin Thierry1795–1856 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.78
  48. 48Pope John XXIIPope John XXII1244–1334 · 13th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures0.76
  49. 49Pope Clement VPope Clement V1264–1314 · 13th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures0.74
  50. 50Maine de BiranMaine de Biran1766–1824 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.73
  51. 51Louis de Bourbon, Count of ClermontLouis de Bourbon, Count of Clermont1709–1771 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France0.73
  52. 52Louis, Count of SoissonsLouis, Count of Soissons1604–1641 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France0.73
  53. 53Louis, Count of VermandoisLouis, Count of Vermandois1667–1683 · 17th century0.73
  54. 54Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of PenthièvreLouis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre1725–1793 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.73
  55. 55Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of LiègeLouis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège1438–1482 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.73
  56. 56Pierre de MarivauxPierre de Marivaux1688–1763 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.71
  57. 57Joseph de MaistreJoseph de Maistre1753–1821 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.69
  58. 58Anne of BrittanyAnne of Brittany1477–1514 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France0.68
  59. 59Diane de PoitiersDiane de Poitiers1499–1566 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France0.68
  60. 60Jeanne d'AlbretJeanne d'Albret1528–1572 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.65
  61. 61Émile OllivierÉmile Ollivier1825–1913 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.61
  62. 62Margaret of ValoisMargaret of Valois1553–1615 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.59
  63. 63Antoine of NavarreAntoine of Navarre1518–1562 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.58
  64. 64Casimir PerierCasimir Perier1777–1832 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.57
  65. 65Victor CousinVictor Cousin1792–1867 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.56
  66. 66Gaston ParisGaston Paris1839–1903 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.56
  67. 67Pierre LerouxPierre Leroux1797–1871 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.53
  68. 68Charles NodierCharles Nodier1780–1844 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.53
  69. 69Margaret of Austria, Duchess of SavoyMargaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy1480–1530 · 16th century · 🇪🇸 Spain · Artists0.53
  70. 70Casimir DelavigneCasimir Delavigne1793–1843 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.49
  71. 71Mary of BurgundyMary of Burgundy1457–1482 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.48
  72. 72NostradamusNostradamus1503–1566 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.48
  73. 73Louis XVII of FranceLouis XVII of France1785–1795 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France0.47
  74. 74Ambroise ParéAmbroise Paré1510–1590 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Doctors0.47
  75. 75Edgar QuinetEdgar Quinet1803–1875 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.46
  76. 76Horace VernetHorace Vernet1789–1863 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Artists0.46
  77. 77Charlotte CordayCharlotte Corday1768–1793 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures0.46
  78. 78Camille JordanCamille Jordan1838–1922 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.45
  79. 79HOHelladius of Auxerredied 387 · 4th century · Religious Figures0.44
  80. 80Pierre CorneillePierre Corneille1606–1684 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.44
  81. 81Jean GoujonJean Goujon1510–1567 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Architects0.42
  82. 82Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de MaintenonFrançoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon1635–1719 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.41
  83. 83Antoine Quentin Fouquier-TinvilleAntoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville1746–1795 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.41
  84. 84Charles, Count of SoissonsCharles, Count of Soissons1566–1612 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France0.41
  85. 85StendhalStendhal1783–1842 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.40
  86. 86Vincent of BeauvaisVincent of Beauvais1190–1264 · 13th century · Educators0.40
  87. 87Alfred de VignyAlfred de Vigny1797–1863 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.40
  88. 88Gustav III of SwedenGustav III of Sweden1746–1792 · 18th century · 🇸🇪 Sweden · Politicians0.38
  89. 89Eugène DelacroixEugène Delacroix1798–1863 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Artists0.38
  90. 90Bernard PalissyBernard Palissy1510–1589 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Scientists0.37
  91. 91Charles, Duke of OrléansCharles, Duke of Orléans1394–1465 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.37
  92. 92Eugène SueEugène Sue1804–1857 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.36
  93. 93Jean BartJean Bart1650–1702 · 17th century0.36
  94. 94Marie of France, Duchess of BrabantMarie of France, Duchess of Brabant1198–1224 · 13th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.35
  95. 95Marie of Valois, Duchess of BarMarie of Valois, Duchess of Bar1344–1404 · 14th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures0.35
  96. 96Marie of France, Countess of ChampagneMarie of France, Countess of Champagne1145–1198 · 12th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures0.35
  97. 97Marie de FranceMarie de France1101–1300 · 12th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.35
  98. 98Ambroise ThomasAmbroise Thomas1811–1896 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Musicians0.35
  99. 99Pope Urban VPope Urban V1310–1370 · 14th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures0.35
  100. 100Louis RacineLouis Racine1692–1763 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.34

Lived then

The most notable people whose working lives fell in the 1870s, ranked where Wikipedia coverage and readership agree.

  1. 1Friedrich NietzscheFriedrich Nietzsche1844–1900 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Academics15 decades
  2. 2Pyotr Ilyich TchaikovskyPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky1840–1893 · Musicians10 decades
  3. 3Émile ZolaÉmile Zola1840–1902 · 🇫🇷 France · Writers16 decades
  4. 4Sarah BernhardtSarah Bernhardt1844–1923 · 🇫🇷 France · Actors15 decades
  5. 5Claude MonetClaude Monet1840–1926 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists14 decades
  6. 6Mark TwainMark Twain1835–1910 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers16 decades
  7. 7Paul CézannePaul Cézanne1839–1906 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists12 decades
  8. 8Edward VIIEdward VII1841–1910 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Historical Figures13 decades
  9. 9Pope Pius XPope Pius X1835–1914 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Religious Figures12 decades
  10. 10William McKinleyWilliam McKinley1843–1901 · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians16 decades
  11. 11Empress Dowager CixiEmpress Dowager Cixi1835–1908 · 🇨🇳 China · Historical Figures5 decades
  12. 12Antonín DvořákAntonín Dvořák1841–1904 · Musicians0 decades
  13. 13Bertha von SuttnerBertha von Suttner1843–1914 · Writers13 decades
  14. 14John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller1839–1937 · 🇺🇸 United States · Founders14 decades
  15. 15Pierre-Auguste RenoirPierre-Auguste Renoir1841–1919 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists12 decades
  16. 16Georges ClemenceauGeorges Clemenceau1841–1929 · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians13 decades
  17. 17Paul VerlainePaul Verlaine1844–1896 · 🇫🇷 France · Writers14 decades
  18. 18Leopold II of BelgiumLeopold II of Belgium1835–1909 · Historical Figures9 decades
  19. 19Empress Elisabeth of AustriaEmpress Elisabeth of Austria1837–1898 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Historical Figures0 decades
  20. 20Giosuè CarducciGiosuè Carducci1835–1907 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers17 decades
  21. 21Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland1837–1908 · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians14 decades
  22. 22Robert KochRobert Koch1843–1910 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctors14 decades
  23. 23Auguste RodinAuguste Rodin1840–1917 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists14 decades
  24. 24Peter KropotkinPeter Kropotkin1842–1921 · Activists11 decades
  25. 25Ilya RepinIlya Repin1844–1930 · Artists10 decades
  26. 26Anatole FranceAnatole France1844–1924 · 🇫🇷 France · Writers15 decades
  27. 27Nikolai Rimsky-KorsakovNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov1844–1908 · Musicians9 decades
  28. 28Karl BenzKarl Benz1844–1929 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists11 decades
  29. 29Edvard GriegEdvard Grieg1843–1907 · 🇳🇴 Norway · Musicians12 decades
  30. 30Modest MussorgskyModest Mussorgsky1839–1881 · Musicians11 decades
  31. 31Georges BizetGeorges Bizet1838–1875 · 🇫🇷 France · Musicians15 decades
  32. 32Umberto I of ItalyUmberto I of Italy1844–1900 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Historical Figures14 decades
  33. 33Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie1835–1919 · 🇺🇸 United States · Academics14 decades
  34. 34Gustavo Adolfo BécquerGustavo Adolfo Bécquer1836–1870 · 🇪🇸 Spain · Writers13 decades
  35. 35Alphonse DaudetAlphonse Daudet1840–1897 · 🇫🇷 France · Writers16 decades
  36. 36Camille Saint-SaënsCamille Saint-Saëns1835–1921 · 🇫🇷 France · Musicians15 decades
  37. 37J. P. MorganJ. P. Morgan1837–1913 · 🇺🇸 United States · Founders16 decades
  38. 38Abdul Hamid IIAbdul Hamid II1842–1918 · 🇹🇷 Turkey · Historical Figures13 decades
  39. 39Benito Pérez GaldósBenito Pérez Galdós1843–1920 · 🇪🇸 Spain · Writers14 decades
  40. 40Karl MayKarl May1842–1912 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Writers14 decades
  41. 41Bernadette SoubirousBernadette Soubirous1844–1879 · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures15 decades
  42. 42Henry JamesHenry James1843–1916 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers18 decades
  43. 43William JamesWilliam James1842–1910 · 🇺🇸 United States · Academics18 decades
  44. 44Stéphane MallarméStéphane Mallarmé1842–1898 · 🇫🇷 France · Writers14 decades
  45. 45Berthe MorisotBerthe Morisot1841–1895 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists13 decades
  46. 46Henri RousseauHenri Rousseau1844–1910 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists12 decades
  47. 47Thomas HardyThomas Hardy1840–1928 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Writers18 decades
  48. 48Ludwig BoltzmannLudwig Boltzmann1844–1906 · 🇦🇹 Austria · Scientists15 decades
  49. 49Gustave Le BonGustave Le Bon1841–1931 · 🇫🇷 France · Academics15 decades
  50. 50August BebelAugust Bebel1840–1913 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Politicians14 decades
  51. 51Ernst MachErnst Mach1838–1916 · Scientists16 decades
  52. 52Sadi CarnotSadi Carnot1837–1894 · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians16 decades
  53. 53George Armstrong CusterGeorge Armstrong Custer1839–1876 · 🇺🇸 United States · Historical Figures7 decades
  54. 54Félix FaureFélix Faure1841–1899 · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians18 decades
  55. 55Mary CassattMary Cassatt1844–1926 · 🇺🇸 United States · Artists12 decades
  56. 56Henry Morton StanleyHenry Morton Stanley1841–1904 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Journalists7 decades
  57. 57Alois HitlerAlois Hitler1837–1903 · 🇦🇹 Austria8 decades
  58. 58Alexandra of DenmarkAlexandra of Denmark1844–1925 · Historical Figures2 decades
  59. 59RamakrishnaRamakrishna1836–1886 · 🇮🇳 India · Academics14 decades
  60. 60Rosalía de CastroRosalía de Castro1837–1885 · 🇪🇸 Spain · Writers13 decades
  61. 61Giovanni VergaGiovanni Verga1840–1922 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers15 decades
  62. 62Alfred SisleyAlfred Sisley1839–1899 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists9 decades
  63. 63Victoria, Princess RoyalVictoria, Princess Royal1840–1901 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Artists0 decades
  64. 64Cesare LombrosoCesare Lombroso1835–1909 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Doctors16 decades
  65. 65Ambrose BierceAmbrose Bierce1842–1914 · 🇺🇸 United States · Journalists13 decades
  66. 66Nikolay PrzhevalskyNikolay Przhevalsky1839–1888 · Historical Figures9 decades
  67. 67Leopold von Sacher-MasochLeopold von Sacher-Masoch1836–1895 · Writers5 decades
  68. 68Charles Sanders PeirceCharles Sanders Peirce1839–1914 · 🇺🇸 United States · Academics9 decades
  69. 69Léon GambettaLéon Gambetta1838–1882 · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians15 decades
  70. 70Crazy HorseCrazy Horse1849–1877 · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians15 decades
  71. 71Mehmed VMehmed V1844–1918 · 🇹🇷 Turkey · Writers0 decades
  72. 72Arkhip KuindzhiArkhip Kuindzhi1841–1910 · Artists2 decades
  73. 73Giovanni GiolittiGiovanni Giolitti1842–1928 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians14 decades
  74. 74Vasily VereshchaginVasily Vereshchagin1842–1904 · Artists8 decades
  75. 75Mily BalakirevMily Balakirev1836–1910 · Musicians9 decades
  76. 76Armand FallièresArmand Fallières1841–1931 · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians12 decades
  77. 77John MuirJohn Muir1838–1914 · 🇺🇸 United States · Scientists19 decades
  78. 78Jules MassenetJules Massenet1842–1912 · 🇫🇷 France · Musicians14 decades
  79. 79Ivan KramskoiIvan Kramskoi1837–1887 · Artists11 decades
  80. 80Wilhelm SteinitzWilhelm Steinitz1836–1900 · 🇺🇸 United States · Athletes0 decades
  81. 81Odilon RedonOdilon Redon1840–1916 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists14 decades
  82. 82LiliʻuokalaniLiliʻuokalani1838–1917 · 🇺🇸 United States · Historical Figuresnot measured—
  83. 83Émile LoubetÉmile Loubet1838–1929 · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians11 decades
  84. 84Ferdinand von ZeppelinFerdinand von Zeppelin1838–1917 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists5 decades
  85. 85Murad VMurad V1840–1904 · 🇹🇷 Turkey · Models0 decades
  86. 86Tongzhi EmperorTongzhi Emperor1856–1875 · 🇨🇳 Chinanot measured—
  87. 87Carol I of RomaniaCarol I of Romania1839–1914 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Historical Figures19 decades
  88. 88Frederick VIII of DenmarkFrederick VIII of Denmark1843–1912 · Historical Figures0 decades
  89. 89Carlota of MexicoCarlota of Mexico1840–1927 · Historical Figures0 decades
  90. 90Princess Alice of the United KingdomPrincess Alice of the United Kingdom1843–1878 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Historical Figuresnot measured—
  91. 91Menelik IIMenelik II1844–1913 · Politicians14 decades
  92. 92Léo DelibesLéo Delibes1836–1891 · 🇫🇷 France · Musicians16 decades
  93. 93Paul MorphyPaul Morphy1837–1884 · 🇺🇸 United States7 decades
  94. 94Itō HirobumiItō Hirobumi1841–1909 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Politicians0 decades
  95. 95Comte de LautréamontComte de Lautréamont1846–1870 · 🇫🇷 France · Writers8 decades
  96. 96Paul LafarguePaul Lafargue1842–1911 · 🇫🇷 France · Writers15 decades
  97. 97Louis RielLouis Riel1844–1885 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Politicians15 decades
  98. 98Machado de AssisMachado de Assis1839–1908 · 🇧🇷 Brazil · Writers0 decades
  99. 99Max BruchMax Bruch1838–1920 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Musicians17 decades
  100. 100Mirza Ghulam AhmadMirza Ghulam Ahmad1835–1908 · 🇮🇳 India · Academics4 decades

How this is measured

  • Placing people in time. Each person belongs to the century in which they were most active — around age 35, and never after their death.
  • Who ranks highest. Within a century, people are ranked where two independent signals agree: how many of the world’s Wikipedia language editions cover them, and how many people actually read about them. Article counts alone can be lifted by a person’s own circle; readers cannot.
  • Fame in print. The curves count how often a name appears in Google Books from 1800 to 2019, as a share of all the words printed each year, in the person’s own language wherever that corpus exists. Those decades are over, so each measurement is made once and kept.
  • What is left out. A lifetime is measured only from 1820, when there is enough print to judge; the five years after a death are skipped as obituaries; and a name shared with someone equally notable is credited to neither.