Claim profile
1900–1999

The 20th century

Whose names filled the books of the 20th century — anyone at all, however long dead — counted as mentions per million words printed, so a period that simply published more does not inflate anyone.

Talked about then

Whose names appeared most in Italian books during the 20th century — whenever they lived.

In books written inEnglish28,219German4,127French3,913Italian2,072Spanish1,601Russian838Chinese282Hebrew149
  1. 1GiottoGiotto1267–1337 · 14th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists5.4
  2. 2Dante AlighieriDante Alighieri1265–1321 · 14th century · Writers5.0
  3. 3CaravaggioCaravaggio1571–1610 · 17th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists3.8
  4. 4Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci1452–1519 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists3.8
  5. 5Antonio da CorreggioAntonio da Correggio1489–1534 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists3.7
  6. 6Benedetto CroceBenedetto Croce1866–1952 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics3.3
  7. 7Donato BramanteDonato Bramante1444–1514 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Architects2.9
  8. 8DonatelloDonatello1386–1466 · 15th century · Artists2.8
  9. 9Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini1805–1872 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Activists2.2
  10. 10Alessandro ManzoniAlessandro Manzoni1785–1873 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers2.2
  11. 11Ugo FoscoloUgo Foscolo1778–1827 · 19th century · Writers2.1
  12. 12Pietro PeruginoPietro Perugino1448–1523 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists2.0
  13. 13TintorettoTintoretto1519–1594 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists1.9
  14. 14Francis of AssisiFrancis of Assisi1182–1226 · 13th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.8
  15. 15Giacomo LeopardiGiacomo Leopardi1798–1837 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.8
  16. 16Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini1883–1945 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians1.8
  17. 17Torquato TassoTorquato Tasso1544–1595 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.7
  18. 18MasaccioMasaccio1401–1428 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists1.7
  19. 19Giordano BrunoGiordano Bruno1548–1600 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics1.6
  20. 20Lorenzo de' MediciLorenzo de' Medici1449–1492 · 15th century · Politicians1.6
  21. 21Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei1564–1642 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Scientists1.6
  22. 22Charles BorromeoCharles Borromeo1538–1584 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Religious Figures1.6
  23. 23Giosuè CarducciGiosuè Carducci1835–1907 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.5
  24. 24Marco PoloMarco Polo1254–1324 · 13th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians1.4
  25. 25Giuseppe VerdiGiuseppe Verdi1813–1901 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Musicians1.4
  26. 26Vittorio AlfieriVittorio Alfieri1749–1803 · 18th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Historical Figures1.4
  27. 27PetrarchPetrarch1304–1374 · 14th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics1.2
  28. 28Philip NeriPhilip Neri1515–1595 · 16th century · Religious Figures1.2
  29. 29Francesco CrispiFrancesco Crispi1818–1901 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians1.2
  30. 30Giovanni PascoliGiovanni Pascoli1855–1912 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.2
  31. 31CimabueCimabue1240–1302 · 13th century · Artists1.2
  32. 32Paul the DeaconPaul the Deacon720–799 · 8th century · Writers1.2
  33. 33FarinelliFarinelli1705–1782 · 18th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Musicians1.2
  34. 34Silvio PellicoSilvio Pellico1789–1854 · 19th century · Writers1.1
  35. 35Gabriele D'AnnunzioGabriele D'Annunzio1863–1938 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.1
  36. 36GuercinoGuercino1591–1666 · 17th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists1.1
  37. 37Piero della FrancescaPiero della Francesca1415–1492 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists1.1
  38. 38Giulio RomanoGiulio Romano1499–1546 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists1.1
  39. 39Carlo GoldoniCarlo Goldoni1707–1793 · 18th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.99
  40. 40Luigi PirandelloLuigi Pirandello1867–1936 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.95
  41. 41Bernardino of SienaBernardino of Siena1380–1444 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics0.94
  42. 42Luigi EinaudiLuigi Einaudi1874–1961 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.93
  43. 43Pietro VerriPietro Verri1728–1797 · 18th century · Academics0.89
  44. 44Leon Battista AlbertiLeon Battista Alberti1404–1472 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Architects0.88
  45. 45Pietro AretinoPietro Aretino1492–1556 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.88
  46. 46Vincenzo GiobertiVincenzo Gioberti1801–1852 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics0.87
  47. 47PisanelloPisanello1395–1455 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.86
  48. 48DomenichinoDomenichino1581–1641 · 17th century · Artists0.86
  49. 49Cesare BalboCesare Balbo1789–1853 · 19th century · Politicians0.84
  50. 50PontormoPontormo1494–1556 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.83
  51. 51Cesare BorgiaCesare Borgia1475–1507 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Historical Figures0.83
  52. 52Niccolò MachiavelliNiccolò Machiavelli1469–1527 · 16th century · Politicians0.82
  53. 53Salvator RosaSalvator Rosa1615–1673 · 17th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.82
  54. 54Aldo MoroAldo Moro1916–1978 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.82
  55. 55Vittoria ColonnaVittoria Colonna1492–1547 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.82
  56. 56Antonio RosminiAntonio Rosmini1797–1855 · 19th century · Academics0.81
  57. 57Paolo RossiPaolo Rossi1956–2020 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers0.80
  58. 58Filippo TuratiFilippo Turati1857–1932 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.80
  59. 59ParmigianinoParmigianino1503–1540 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.78
  60. 60Giovanni BoccaccioGiovanni Boccaccio1313–1375 · 14th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.77
  61. 61Cosimo de' MediciCosimo de' Medici1389–1464 · 15th century · Politicians0.76
  62. 62Francesca da RiminiFrancesca da Rimini1259–1285 · 13th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.76
  63. 63Massimo d'AzeglioMassimo d'Azeglio1798–1866 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.76
  64. 64Bettino RicasoliBettino Ricasoli1809–1880 · 19th century · Politicians0.74
  65. 65Guido CavalcantiGuido Cavalcanti1258–1300 · 13th century · Writers0.74
  66. 66Umberto EcoUmberto Eco1932–2016 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.73
  67. 67CanalettoCanaletto1697–1768 · 18th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.73
  68. 68Guido ReniGuido Reni1575–1642 · 17th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.72
  69. 69Andrea DoriaAndrea Doria1466–1560 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.71
  70. 70Marsilio FicinoMarsilio Ficino1433–1499 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics0.70
  71. 71Niccolò TommaseoNiccolò Tommaseo1802–1874 · 19th century · Academics0.69
  72. 72Giorgio VasariGiorgio Vasari1511–1574 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.69
  73. 73Antonio GramsciAntonio Gramsci1891–1937 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics0.68
  74. 74Pietro BemboPietro Bembo1470–1547 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Religious Figures0.68
  75. 75Pietro da CortonaPietro da Cortona1596–1669 · 17th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.68
  76. 76Luigi LuzzattiLuigi Luzzatti1841–1927 · 19th century · Politicians0.67
  77. 77Paolo SarpiPaolo Sarpi1552–1623 · 16th century · Academics0.67
  78. 78Paolo VeronesePaolo Veronese1528–1588 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.67
  79. 79Giovanni BelliniGiovanni Bellini1430–1516 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.67
  80. 80Andrea del SartoAndrea del Sarto1486–1530 · 16th century · Artists0.66
  81. 81Giambattista VicoGiambattista Vico1668–1744 · 18th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics0.65
  82. 82Marco MinghettiMarco Minghetti1818–1886 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.64
  83. 83Margaret of SavoyMargaret of Savoy1851–1926 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.64
  84. 84Bettino CraxiBettino Craxi1934–2000 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.62
  85. 85Giovanni VergaGiovanni Verga1840–1922 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.61
  86. 86Francesco GuicciardiniFrancesco Guicciardini1483–1540 · 16th century · Writers0.61
  87. 87Paolo UccelloPaolo Uccello1397–1475 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.61
  88. 88Domenico PassignanoDomenico Passignano1559–1638 · 16th century · Artists0.61
  89. 89Antonio LabriolaAntonio Labriola1843–1904 · 19th century · Academics0.60
  90. 90PinturicchioPinturicchio1454–1513 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.60
  91. 91Leonardo BruniLeonardo Bruni1369–1444 · 15th century · Writers0.60
  92. 92Grazia DeleddaGrazia Deledda1871–1936 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.60
  93. 93Francesco GonzagaFrancesco Gonzaga1444–1483 · 15th century0.60
  94. 94Alessandro CagliostroAlessandro Cagliostro1743–1795 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Doctors0.59
  95. 95Lucrezia BorgiaLucrezia Borgia1480–1519 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Historical Figures0.59
  96. 96Isabella d'EsteIsabella d'Este1474–1539 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.58
  97. 97Isabella d'Este, Duchess of ParmaIsabella d'Este, Duchess of Parma1635–1666 · 17th century · Historical Figures0.58
  98. 98Filippo Maria ViscontiFilippo Maria Visconti1392–1447 · 15th century · Politicians0.58
  99. 99Girolamo SavonarolaGirolamo Savonarola1452–1498 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.57
  100. 100Tommaso CampanellaTommaso Campanella1568–1639 · 17th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics0.57

Lived then

The most notable people whose working lives fell in the 20th century, ranked where Wikipedia coverage and readership agree.

CountryAll🇺🇸 United States🇬🇧 United Kingdom🇫🇷 France🇩🇪 Germany🇮🇹 Italy🇮🇳 India🇯🇵 Japan🇨🇳 China🇨🇦 Canada🇸🇪 Sweden
FieldAllActorsPoliticiansMusiciansWritersDirectorsHistorical FiguresAcademicsFootballersScientistsArtists
  1. 1Diego MaradonaDiego Maradona1960–2020 · 🇦🇷 Argentina · Footballers4 decades
  2. 2PeléPelé1940–2022 · 🇧🇷 Brazil · Footballers3 decades
  3. 3José MourinhoJosé Mourinhoborn 1963 · 🇵🇹 Portugal · Footballers1 decades
  4. 4Johan CruyffJohan Cruyff1947–2016 · 🇳🇱 Netherlands · Footballers4 decades
  5. 5Franz BeckenbauerFranz Beckenbauer1945–2024 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Footballers5 decades
  6. 6Michel PlatiniMichel Platiniborn 1955 · 🇫🇷 France · Footballers5 decades
  7. 7Carlo AncelottiCarlo Ancelottiborn 1959 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers2 decades
  8. 8Lev YashinLev Yashin1929–1990 · Footballersnot measured—
  9. 9Alex FergusonAlex Fergusonborn 1941 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers2 decades
  10. 10Lothar MatthäusLothar Matthäusborn 1961 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Footballers3 decades
  11. 11Alfredo Di StéfanoAlfredo Di Stéfano1926–2014 · 🇦🇷 Argentina · Footballers4 decades
  12. 12Arsène WengerArsène Wengerborn 1949 · 🇫🇷 France · Footballers2 decades
  13. 13Gerd MüllerGerd Müller1945–2021 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Footballers7 decades
  14. 14Ferenc PuskásFerenc Puskás1927–2006 · Footballers0 decades
  15. 15Jürgen KlinsmannJürgen Klinsmannborn 1964 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Footballers3 decades
  16. 16Marco van BastenMarco van Bastenborn 1964 · 🇳🇱 Netherlands · Footballers0 decades
  17. 17EusébioEusébio1942–2014 · 🇵🇹 Portugal · Footballersnot measured—
  18. 18George BestGeorge Best1946–2005 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers4 decades
  19. 19GarrinchaGarrincha1933–1983 · 🇧🇷 Brazil · Footballers6 decades
  20. 20Mario KempesMario Kempesborn 1954 · 🇦🇷 Argentina · Footballers1 decades
  21. 21Ruud GullitRuud Gullitborn 1962 · 🇳🇱 Netherlands · Footballers0 decades
  22. 22Gary LinekerGary Linekerborn 1960 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers1 decades
  23. 23Roberto ManciniRoberto Manciniborn 1964 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers3 decades
  24. 24Franco BaresiFranco Baresi1960–2026 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers3 decades
  25. 25Kevin KeeganKevin Keeganborn 1951 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers2 decades
  26. 26Joachim LöwJoachim Löwborn 1960 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Footballers2 decades
  27. 27ZicoZicoborn 1953 · 🇧🇷 Brazil · Footballers1 decades
  28. 28Bobby CharltonBobby Charlton1937–2023 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers2 decades
  29. 29Louis van GaalLouis van Gaalborn 1951 · 🇳🇱 Netherlands · Footballers1 decades
  30. 30Paolo RossiPaolo Rossi1956–2020 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers7 decades
  31. 31Frank RijkaardFrank Rijkaardborn 1962 · 🇳🇱 Netherlands · Footballers0 decades
  32. 32Vicente del BosqueVicente del Bosqueborn 1950 · 🇪🇸 Spain · Footballers1 decades
  33. 33BebetoBebetoborn 1964 · 🇧🇷 Brazil · Footballers0 decades
  34. 34Karl-Heinz RummeniggeKarl-Heinz Rummeniggeborn 1955 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Footballers3 decades
  35. 35Kenny DalglishKenny Dalglishborn 1951 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers1 decades
  36. 36Peter SchmeichelPeter Schmeichelborn 1963 · Footballers0 decades
  37. 37Just FontaineJust Fontaine1933–2023 · 🇫🇷 France · Footballers3 decades
  38. 38Ronald KoemanRonald Koemanborn 1963 · 🇳🇱 Netherlands · Footballers1 decades
  39. 39Claudio RanieriClaudio Ranieriborn 1951 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers1 decades
  40. 40Rafael BenítezRafael Benítezborn 1960 · 🇪🇸 Spain · Footballers6 decades
  41. 41Salvatore SchillaciSalvatore Schillaci1964–2024 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers0 decades
  42. 42Dino ZoffDino Zoffborn 1942 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers4 decades
  43. 43Mário ZagalloMário Zagallo1931–2024 · 🇧🇷 Brazil · Footballers0 decades
  44. 44Fabio CapelloFabio Capelloborn 1946 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers3 decades
  45. 45DungaDungaborn 1963 · 🇧🇷 Brazil · Footballers1 decades
  46. 46Rudi VöllerRudi Völlerborn 1960 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Footballers3 decades
  47. 47Luiz Felipe ScolariLuiz Felipe Scolariborn 1948 · 🇧🇷 Brazil · Footballers0 decades
  48. 48Marcello LippiMarcello Lippiborn 1948 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers3 decades
  49. 49Carlos ValderramaCarlos Valderramaborn 1961 · Footballers6 decades
  50. 50Peter ShiltonPeter Shiltonborn 1949 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers0 decades
  51. 51Andrés EscobarAndrés Escobar1967–1994 · Footballersnot measured—
  52. 52Bobby RobsonBobby Robson1933–2009 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers1 decades
  53. 53Mircea LucescuMircea Lucescu1945–2026 · Footballersnot measured—
  54. 54Bobby MooreBobby Moore1941–1993 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers2 decades
  55. 55Hugo SánchezHugo Sánchezborn 1958 · 🇲🇽 Mexico · Footballers0 decades
  56. 56David MoyesDavid Moyesborn 1963 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers0 decades
  57. 57Michael LaudrupMichael Laudrupborn 1964 · Footballers0 decades
  58. 58Daniel PassarellaDaniel Passarellaborn 1953 · 🇦🇷 Argentina · Footballers3 decades
  59. 59Jean-Pierre PapinJean-Pierre Papinborn 1963 · 🇫🇷 France · Footballers3 decades
  60. 60Paul BreitnerPaul Breitnerborn 1951 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Footballers5 decades
  61. 61Giuseppe MeazzaGiuseppe Meazza1910–1979 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers3 decades
  62. 62Raymond DomenechRaymond Domenechborn 1952 · 🇫🇷 France · Footballersnot measured—
  63. 63Marcelo BielsaMarcelo Bielsaborn 1955 · 🇦🇷 Argentina · Footballers2 decades
  64. 64Harry RedknappHarry Redknappborn 1947 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballersnot measured—
  65. 65RivellinoRivellinoborn 1946 · 🇧🇷 Brazil · Footballers0 decades
  66. 66Sven-Göran ErikssonSven-Göran Eriksson1948–2024 · 🇸🇪 Sweden · Footballers0 decades
  67. 67Giuseppe BergomiGiuseppe Bergomiborn 1963 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers2 decades
  68. 68Luciano SpallettiLuciano Spallettiborn 1959 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers1 decades
  69. 69Andreas BrehmeAndreas Brehme1960–2024 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Footballers2 decades
  70. 70Gianluca VialliGianluca Vialli1964–2023 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers3 decades
  71. 71Luis de la FuenteLuis de la Fuenteborn 1961 · 🇪🇸 Spain · Footballersnot measured—
  72. 72Giovanni TrapattoniGiovanni Trapattoniborn 1939 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers4 decades
  73. 73Oleh BlokhinOleh Blokhinborn 1952 · Footballers0 decades
  74. 74Gianni RiveraGianni Riveraborn 1943 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers5 decades
  75. 75Maurizio SarriMaurizio Sarriborn 1959 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers1 decades
  76. 76Luis SuárezLuis Suárez1935–2023 · 🇪🇸 Spain · Footballers9 decades
  77. 77Geoff HurstGeoff Hurstborn 1941 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballersnot measured—
  78. 78Stanley MatthewsStanley Matthews1915–2000 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers10 decades
  79. 79Gigi RivaGigi Riva1944–2024 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers5 decades
  80. 80Ian WrightIan Wrightborn 1963 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballersnot measured—
  81. 81Raymond KopaRaymond Kopa1931–2017 · 🇫🇷 France · Footballers3 decades
  82. 82Paulo Roberto FalcãoPaulo Roberto Falcãoborn 1953 · 🇧🇷 Brazil · Footballers1 decades
  83. 83Javier AguirreJavier Aguirreborn 1958 · 🇲🇽 Mexico · Footballersnot measured—
  84. 84Jupp HeynckesJupp Heynckesborn 1945 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Footballers3 decades
  85. 85Gordon BanksGordon Banks1937–2019 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers1 decades
  86. 86Manuel PellegriniManuel Pellegriniborn 1953 · Footballersnot measured—
  87. 87Roger MillaRoger Millaborn 1952 · Footballers4 decades
  88. 88David SeamanDavid Seamanborn 1963 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers0 decades
  89. 89Jorge ValdanoJorge Valdanoborn 1955 · 🇦🇷 Argentina · Footballers3 decades
  90. 90Ian RushIan Rushborn 1961 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballers0 decades
  91. 91Enzo FrancescoliEnzo Francescoliborn 1961 · Footballersnot measured—
  92. 92Roy HodgsonRoy Hodgsonborn 1947 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballersnot measured—
  93. 93Guus HiddinkGuus Hiddinkborn 1946 · 🇳🇱 Netherlands · Footballers0 decades
  94. 94Pierre LittbarskiPierre Littbarskiborn 1960 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Footballers1 decades
  95. 95JairzinhoJairzinhoborn 1944 · 🇧🇷 Brazil · Footballersnot measured—
  96. 96Berti VogtsBerti Vogtsborn 1946 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Footballers3 decades
  97. 97Jorge SampaoliJorge Sampaoliborn 1960 · 🇦🇷 Argentina · Footballersnot measured—
  98. 98Zbigniew BoniekZbigniew Boniekborn 1956 · Footballers0 decades
  99. 99Gaetano ScireaGaetano Scirea1953–1989 · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballersnot measured—
  100. 100Brian CloughBrian Clough1935–2004 · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Footballersnot measured—

How this is measured

  • Placing people in time. Each person belongs to the century in which they were most active — around age 35, and never after their death.
  • Who ranks highest. Within a century, people are ranked where two independent signals agree: how many of the world’s Wikipedia language editions cover them, and how many people actually read about them. Article counts alone can be lifted by a person’s own circle; readers cannot.
  • Fame in print. The curves count how often a name appears in Google Books from 1800 to 2019, as a share of all the words printed each year, in the person’s own language wherever that corpus exists. Those decades are over, so each measurement is made once and kept.
  • What is left out. A lifetime is measured only from 1820, when there is enough print to judge; the five years after a death are skipped as obituaries; and a name shared with someone equally notable is credited to neither.