Claim profile
1900–1999

The 20th century

Whose names filled the books of the 20th century — anyone at all, however long dead — counted as mentions per million words printed, so a period that simply published more does not inflate anyone.

Talked about then

Whose names appeared most in English books during the 20th century — whenever they lived.

In books written inEnglish28,219German4,127French3,913Italian2,072Spanish1,601Russian838Chinese282Hebrew149
  1. 1JesusJesus5 BC–30 · 1st century · Religious Figures30
  2. 2AristotleAristotle384 BC–322 BC · 1st millennium BC · Academics7.1
  3. 3PlatoPlato428 BC–348 BC · 1st millennium BC · Academics7.1
  4. 4HomerHomer900 BC–800 BC · 1st millennium BC · Writers7.1
  5. 5AugustusAugustus63 BC–14 · 1st millennium BC · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians4.9
  6. 6SealSealborn 1963 · 20th century · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Musicians4.5
  7. 7RMRMborn 1994 · 21st century · 🇰🇷 South Korea · Musicians4.5
  8. 8Johns HopkinsJohns Hopkins1795–1873 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Founders4.4
  9. 9CiceroCicero106 BC–43 BC · 1st millennium BC · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians4.0
  10. 10George WashingtonGeorge Washington1732–1799 · 18th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians3.8
  11. 11SocratesSocrates470 BC–399 BC · 1st millennium BC · 🇧🇷 Brazil · Academics3.4
  12. 12VirgilVirgil70 BC–19 BC · 1st millennium BC · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers3.3
  13. 13Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln1809–1865 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians2.0
  14. 14EuclidEuclid333 BC–285 BC · 1st millennium BC · Academics1.9
  15. 15PinkPinkborn 1979 · 21st century · 🇺🇸 United States · Musicians1.6
  16. 16AAcmedied 5 BC · 1st millennium BC1.6
  17. 17Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson1743–1826 · 18th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians1.6
  18. 18IUIUborn 1993 · 21st century · 🇰🇷 South Korea · Musicians1.6
  19. 19OvidOvid43 BC–17 · 1st millennium BC · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.6
  20. 20MadonnaMadonnaborn 1958 · 20th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Musicians1.5
  21. 21Charles II, Duke of SavoyCharles II, Duke of Savoy1489–1496 · 15th century · Historical Figures1.5
  22. 22Charles II, Lord of MonacoCharles II, Lord of Monaco1555–1589 · 16th century · Politicians1.5
  23. 23Charles II, Duke of Münsterberg-OelsCharles II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels1545–1617 · 16th century · Historical Figures1.5
  24. 24Mark TwainMark Twain1835–1910 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers1.5
  25. 25PlutarchPlutarch40–120 · 1st century · Academics1.5
  26. 26CleopatraCleopatra69 BC–30 BC · 1st millennium BC · 🇪🇬 Egypt · Historical Figures1.4
  27. 27Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt1858–1919 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians1.4
  28. 28Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson1856–1924 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians1.4
  29. 29William HenryWilliam Henry1774–1836 · 19th century · Scientists1.3
  30. 30Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin1706–1790 · 18th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians1.3
  31. 31HerodotusHerodotus484 BC–425 BC · 1st millennium BC · 🇹🇷 Turkey · Writers1.3
  32. 32CharlemagneCharlemagne748–814 · 8th century · Historical Figures1.3
  33. 33RembrandtRembrandt1606–1669 · 17th century · 🇳🇱 Netherlands · Artists1.3
  34. 34EuripidesEuripides480 BC–406 BC · 1st millennium BC · Writers1.2
  35. 35PocahontasPocahontas1596–1617 · 17th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers1.1
  36. 36John BrownJohn Brown1800–1859 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Founders1.1
  37. 37John SmithJohn Smith1580–1631 · 17th century · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Historical Figures1.0
  38. 38Adam SmithAdam Smith1723–1790 · 18th century · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Academics1.0
  39. 39Henry IV, Duke of BrabantHenry IV, Duke of Brabant1251–1272 · 13th century1.0
  40. 40HIHenry IV, Count of Waldeck1300–1348 · 14th century1.0
  41. 41Henry IV, Duke of LimburgHenry IV, Duke of Limburg1195–1247 · 13th century · Historical Figures1.0
  42. 42HIHenry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg1463–1514 · 15th century · 🇩🇪 Germany1.0
  43. 43Henry IV, Holy Roman EmperorHenry IV, Holy Roman Emperor1050–1106 · 11th century · 🇩🇪 Germany · Historical Figures1.0
  44. 44Henry IV, Count of LuxembourgHenry IV, Count of Luxembourg1113–1196 · 12th century · Politicians1.0
  45. 45John AdamsJohn Adams1735–1826 · 18th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians1.0
  46. 46SophoclesSophocles496 BC–406 BC · 1st millennium BC · Writers1.0
  47. 47Henry JamesHenry James1843–1916 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers0.99
  48. 48GalenGalen129–300 · 2nd century · 🇹🇷 Turkey · Doctors0.97
  49. 49Walter ScottWalter Scott1771–1832 · 19th century · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Writers0.95
  50. 50LivyLivy59 BC–17 · 1st millennium BC · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.95
  51. 51BedeBede672–735 · 8th century · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Writers0.94
  52. 52John the BaptistJohn the Baptist6 BC–30 · 1st century · 🇮🇱 Israel · Religious Figures0.93
  53. 53SolonSolon630 BC–560 BC · 1st millennium BC · Writers0.93
  54. 54Prince George, Duke of CumberlandPrince George, Duke of Cumberland1653–1708 · 17th century0.90
  55. 55PericlesPericles494 BC–429 BC · 1st millennium BC · Politicians0.89
  56. 56John HenryJohn Henry1322–1375 · 14th century0.87
  57. 57Julius CaesarJulius Caesar100 BC–44 BC · 1st millennium BC · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.86
  58. 58Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill1874–1965 · 20th century · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Politicians0.86
  59. 59William JamesWilliam James1842–1910 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Academics0.86
  60. 60HadrianHadrian76–138 · 2nd century · 🇪🇸 Spain · Historical Figures0.83
  61. 61Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson1767–1845 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians0.83
  62. 62ThucydidesThucydides460 BC–395 BC · 1st millennium BC · Writers0.83
  63. 63Henry FordHenry Ford1863–1947 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Founders0.81
  64. 64AristophanesAristophanes445 BC–385 BC · 1st millennium BC · Writers0.79
  65. 65Charles I, Duke of SavoyCharles I, Duke of Savoy1468–1490 · 15th century0.79
  66. 66Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-PhilippsthalCharles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal1682–1770 · 18th century0.79
  67. 67Charles I, Count of FlandersCharles I, Count of Flanders1084–1127 · 12th century · Politicians0.79
  68. 68CICharles I1516–1576 · 16th century · Historical Figures0.79
  69. 69Charles I, Count of NeversCharles I, Count of Nevers1414–1464 · 15th century · Historical Figures0.79
  70. 70AAbababorn 200 · 3rd century0.78
  71. 71OrigenOrigen185–254 · 3rd century · 🇪🇬 Egypt · Academics0.76
  72. 72George EliotGeorge Eliot1819–1880 · 19th century · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Writers0.75
  73. 73DemosthenesDemosthenes384 BC–322 BC · 1st millennium BC · Politicians0.75
  74. 74John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy1917–1963 · 20th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians0.75
  75. 75Brigham YoungBrigham Young1801–1877 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Academics0.75
  76. 76XenophonXenophon430 BC–354 BC · 1st millennium BC · Academics0.73
  77. 77Henry VI, Count of LuxembourgHenry VI, Count of Luxembourg1240–1288 · 13th century · Politicians0.72
  78. 78HVHenry VI, Count of Waldeck1340–1397 · 14th century0.72
  79. 79Henry VIHenry VI1376–1454 · 15th century0.72
  80. 80William PennWilliam Penn1644–1718 · 17th century · Founders0.71
  81. 81Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton1757–1804 · 18th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians0.71
  82. 82Henry IIHenry II1207–1248 · 13th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.70
  83. 83Henry II, Holy Roman EmperorHenry II, Holy Roman Emperor973–1024 · 11th century · 🇩🇪 Germany · Historical Figures0.70
  84. 84Henry II , Duke of Lower LorraineHenry II , Duke of Lower Lorraine1059–1119 · 11th century0.70
  85. 85Henry II, Duke of ZiębiceHenry II, Duke of Ziębice1396–1420 · 15th century0.70
  86. 86Henry II, Count of Holstein-RendsburgHenry II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg1317–1390 · 14th century0.70
  87. 87Henry II, Count of ChampagneHenry II, Count of Champagne1166–1197 · 12th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures0.70
  88. 88Henry II, Duke of Münsterberg-OelsHenry II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels1507–1548 · 16th century0.70
  89. 89HIHenry II, Margrave of the Nordmark1102–1128 · 12th century0.70
  90. 90Henry II, Duke of Brunswick-GrubenhagenHenry II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen1289–1351 · 14th century · Historical Figures0.70
  91. 91Henry II, Prince of Anhalt-AscherslebenHenry II, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben1215–1266 · 13th century · Historical Figures0.70
  92. 92Henry II, Margrave of Brandenburg-StendalHenry II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal1308–1320 · 14th century · Models0.70
  93. 93Henry II, Duke of ŚwidnicaHenry II, Duke of Świdnica1312–1345 · 14th century0.70
  94. 94Richard IIRichard II963–1026 · 10th century · 🇫🇷 France0.69
  95. 95John MarshallJohn Marshall1755–1835 · 18th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians0.67
  96. 96Henry ClayHenry Clay1777–1852 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians0.67
  97. 97Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis1808–1889 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians0.67
  98. 98James I, Count of UrgellJames I, Count of Urgell1321–1347 · 14th century0.67
  99. 99OsceolaOsceola1804–1838 · 19th century · 🇺🇸 United States · Politicians0.67

Lived then

The most notable people whose working lives fell in the 20th century, ranked where Wikipedia coverage and readership agree.

CountryAll🇺🇸 United States🇬🇧 United Kingdom🇫🇷 France🇩🇪 Germany🇮🇹 Italy🇮🇳 India🇯🇵 Japan🇨🇳 China🇨🇦 Canada🇸🇪 Sweden
FieldAllActorsPoliticiansMusiciansWritersDirectorsHistorical FiguresAcademicsFootballersScientistsArtists
  1. 1Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein1879–1955 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists11 decades
  2. 2Werner HeisenbergWerner Heisenberg1901–1976 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists10 decades
  3. 3Fritz HaberFritz Haber1868–1934 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists11 decades
  4. 4Ferdinand PorscheFerdinand Porsche1875–1951 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists9 decades
  5. 5Konrad ZuseKonrad Zuse1910–1995 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists6 decades
  6. 6Otto HahnOtto Hahn1879–1968 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists14 decades
  7. 7Fritz TodtFritz Todt1891–1942 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  8. 8Carl BoschCarl Bosch1874–1940 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists10 decades
  9. 9Arnold SommerfeldArnold Sommerfeld1868–1951 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists11 decades
  10. 10Hermann OberthHermann Oberth1894–1989 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists7 decades
  11. 11Willy MesserschmittWilly Messerschmitt1898–1978 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  12. 12Clara ImmerwahrClara Immerwahr1870–1915 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  13. 13Joachim SauerJoachim Sauerborn 1949 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  14. 14Carl Friedrich von WeizsäckerCarl Friedrich von Weizsäcker1912–2007 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  15. 15August HorchAugust Horch1868–1951 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  16. 16Katherine OppenheimerKatherine Oppenheimer1910–1972 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  17. 17Maria Goeppert MayerMaria Goeppert Mayer1906–1972 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists0 decades
  18. 18Kurt TankKurt Tank1898–1983 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  19. 19Hans GeigerHans Geiger1882–1945 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists9 decades
  20. 20Manfred von ArdenneManfred von Ardenne1907–1997 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  21. 21Ralph H. BaerRalph H. Baer1922–2014 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  22. 22Max von LaueMax von Laue1879–1960 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists10 decades
  23. 23Hermann TilkeHermann Tilkeborn 1954 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  24. 24Kurt GersteinKurt Gerstein1905–1945 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  25. 25Christiane Nüsslein-VolhardChristiane Nüsslein-Volhardborn 1942 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists2 decades
  26. 26Felix WankelFelix Wankel1902–1988 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  27. 27Hugo SchmeisserHugo Schmeisser1884–1953 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  28. 28Herbert KapplerHerbert Kappler1907–1978 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  29. 29Reinhard GenzelReinhard Genzelborn 1952 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists0 decades
  30. 30Fritz StrassmannFritz Strassmann1902–1980 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  31. 31Walter DornbergerWalter Dornberger1895–1980 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  32. 32Heinz LammerdingHeinz Lammerding1905–1971 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  33. 33Johannes StarkJohannes Stark1874–1957 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists12 decades
  34. 34Uziel GalUziel Gal1923–2002 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  35. 35Gustave WhiteheadGustave Whitehead1874–1927 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  36. 36RVRudolf von Sebottendorf1875–1945 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  37. 37Ludwig PrandtlLudwig Prandtl1875–1953 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  38. 38Andy BechtolsheimAndy Bechtolsheimborn 1955 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  39. 39Felix HoffmannFelix Hoffmann1868–1946 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  40. 40Otto SternOtto Stern1888–1969 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  41. 41Pascual JordanPascual Jordan1902–1980 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  42. 42Ulf MerboldUlf Merboldborn 1941 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  43. 43Hermann StaudingerHermann Staudinger1881–1965 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists9 decades
  44. 44Klaus von KlitzingKlaus von Klitzingborn 1943 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists3 decades
  45. 45Hans Adolf Eduard DrieschHans Adolf Eduard Driesch1867–1941 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  46. 46Stefan HellStefan Hellborn 1962 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists0 decades
  47. 47Ernst RuskaErnst Ruska1906–1988 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists4 decades
  48. 48Walther BotheWalther Bothe1891–1957 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists6 decades
  49. 49Jan CzochralskiJan Czochralski1885–1953 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  50. 50Arno Allan PenziasArno Allan Penzias1933–2024 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists0 decades
  51. 51Adolf ButenandtAdolf Butenandt1903–1995 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists9 decades
  52. 52Hans von OhainHans von Ohain1911–1998 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  53. 53Robert HavemannRobert Havemann1910–1982 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  54. 54Wolfgang KetterleWolfgang Ketterleborn 1957 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists0 decades
  55. 55Thomas ReiterThomas Reiterborn 1958 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  56. 56Karl ZieglerKarl Ziegler1898–1973 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists11 decades
  57. 57Elisabeth Noelle-NeumannElisabeth Noelle-Neumann1916–2010 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  58. 58Harald LeschHarald Leschborn 1960 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  59. 59Wolfgang PaulWolfgang Paul1913–1993 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists8 decades
  60. 60Friedrich HundFriedrich Hund1896–1997 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  61. 61Johanna BudwigJohanna Budwig1908–2003 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  62. 62Arthur RudolphArthur Rudolph1906–1996 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  63. 63Manfred EigenManfred Eigen1927–2019 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists5 decades
  64. 64KHKlaus Hasselmannborn 1931 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  65. 65Alexander LippischAlexander Lippisch1894–1976 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  66. 66Wolfgang EggerWolfgang Eggerborn 1963 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  67. 67Jack SteinbergerJack Steinberger1921–2020 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists0 decades
  68. 68Gerhard ErtlGerhard Ertlborn 1936 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists2 decades
  69. 69Helmut GröttrupHelmut Gröttrup1916–1981 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  70. 70Ida NoddackIda Noddack1896–1978 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  71. 71MKMaria Koepcke1924–1971 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  72. 72Walter H. SchottkyWalter H. Schottky1886–1976 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  73. 73Kurt H. DebusKurt H. Debus1908–1983 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  74. 74Richard WillstätterRichard Willstätter1872–1942 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists12 decades
  75. 75Ernst SchäferErnst Schäfer1910–1992 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  76. 76Fritz von OpelFritz von Opel1899–1971 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  77. 77Rudolf MössbauerRudolf Mössbauer1929–2011 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists0 decades
  78. 78Henrich FockeHenrich Focke1890–1979 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  79. 79Hans FischerHans Fischer1881–1945 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists14 decades
  80. 80Peter GrünbergPeter Grünberg1939–2018 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists0 decades
  81. 81Friedrich BergiusFriedrich Bergius1884–1949 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists8 decades
  82. 82Walter GerlachWalter Gerlach1889–1979 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  83. 83Heinrich Otto WielandHeinrich Otto Wieland1877–1957 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists0 decades
  84. 84Theodor W. HänschTheodor W. Hänschborn 1941 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists0 decades
  85. 85Hans von Euler-ChelpinHans von Euler-Chelpin1873–1964 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  86. 86Gerd BinnigGerd Binnigborn 1947 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists2 decades
  87. 87Karl PlaggeKarl Plagge1897–1957 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  88. 88Peter SchreyerPeter Schreyerborn 1953 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  89. 89Georg BednorzGeorg Bednorzborn 1950 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists0 decades
  90. 90Fritz LondonFritz London1900–1954 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  91. 91Herbert KroemerHerbert Kroemer1928–2024 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists0 decades
  92. 92Otto AmbrosOtto Ambros1901–1990 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  93. 93Edward LaskerEdward Lasker1885–1981 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  94. 94Anton FlettnerAnton Flettner1885–1961 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  95. 95Kurt AlderKurt Alder1902–1958 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientists2 decades
  96. 96Bruno TeschBruno Tesch1890–1946 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  97. 97BHBurkhard Heim1925–2001 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  98. 98Béla BarényiBéla Barényi1907–1997 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  99. 99Oskar BarnackOskar Barnack1879–1936 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—
  100. 100Hartmut MichelHartmut Michelborn 1948 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Scientistsnot measured—

How this is measured

  • Placing people in time. Each person belongs to the century in which they were most active — around age 35, and never after their death.
  • Who ranks highest. Within a century, people are ranked where two independent signals agree: how many of the world’s Wikipedia language editions cover them, and how many people actually read about them. Article counts alone can be lifted by a person’s own circle; readers cannot.
  • Fame in print. The curves count how often a name appears in Google Books from 1800 to 2019, as a share of all the words printed each year, in the person’s own language wherever that corpus exists. Those decades are over, so each measurement is made once and kept.
  • What is left out. A lifetime is measured only from 1820, when there is enough print to judge; the five years after a death are skipped as obituaries; and a name shared with someone equally notable is credited to neither.