Claim profile
1900–1999

The 20th century

Whose names filled the books of the 20th century — anyone at all, however long dead — counted as mentions per million words printed, so a period that simply published more does not inflate anyone.

Talked about then

Whose names appeared most in Italian books during the 20th century — whenever they lived.

In books written inEnglish28,219German4,127French3,913Italian2,072Spanish1,601Russian838Chinese282Hebrew149
  1. 1GiottoGiotto1267–1337 · 14th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists5.4
  2. 2Dante AlighieriDante Alighieri1265–1321 · 14th century · Writers5.0
  3. 3CaravaggioCaravaggio1571–1610 · 17th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists3.8
  4. 4Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci1452–1519 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists3.8
  5. 5Antonio da CorreggioAntonio da Correggio1489–1534 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists3.7
  6. 6Benedetto CroceBenedetto Croce1866–1952 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics3.3
  7. 7Donato BramanteDonato Bramante1444–1514 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Architects2.9
  8. 8DonatelloDonatello1386–1466 · 15th century · Artists2.8
  9. 9Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini1805–1872 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Activists2.2
  10. 10Alessandro ManzoniAlessandro Manzoni1785–1873 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers2.2
  11. 11Ugo FoscoloUgo Foscolo1778–1827 · 19th century · Writers2.1
  12. 12Pietro PeruginoPietro Perugino1448–1523 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists2.0
  13. 13TintorettoTintoretto1519–1594 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists1.9
  14. 14Francis of AssisiFrancis of Assisi1182–1226 · 13th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.8
  15. 15Giacomo LeopardiGiacomo Leopardi1798–1837 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.8
  16. 16Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini1883–1945 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians1.8
  17. 17Torquato TassoTorquato Tasso1544–1595 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.7
  18. 18MasaccioMasaccio1401–1428 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists1.7
  19. 19Giordano BrunoGiordano Bruno1548–1600 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics1.6
  20. 20Lorenzo de' MediciLorenzo de' Medici1449–1492 · 15th century · Politicians1.6
  21. 21Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei1564–1642 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Scientists1.6
  22. 22Charles BorromeoCharles Borromeo1538–1584 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Religious Figures1.6
  23. 23Giosuè CarducciGiosuè Carducci1835–1907 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.5
  24. 24Marco PoloMarco Polo1254–1324 · 13th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians1.4
  25. 25Giuseppe VerdiGiuseppe Verdi1813–1901 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Musicians1.4
  26. 26Vittorio AlfieriVittorio Alfieri1749–1803 · 18th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Historical Figures1.4
  27. 27PetrarchPetrarch1304–1374 · 14th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics1.2
  28. 28Philip NeriPhilip Neri1515–1595 · 16th century · Religious Figures1.2
  29. 29Francesco CrispiFrancesco Crispi1818–1901 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians1.2
  30. 30Giovanni PascoliGiovanni Pascoli1855–1912 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.2
  31. 31CimabueCimabue1240–1302 · 13th century · Artists1.2
  32. 32Paul the DeaconPaul the Deacon720–799 · 8th century · Writers1.2
  33. 33FarinelliFarinelli1705–1782 · 18th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Musicians1.2
  34. 34Silvio PellicoSilvio Pellico1789–1854 · 19th century · Writers1.1
  35. 35Gabriele D'AnnunzioGabriele D'Annunzio1863–1938 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers1.1
  36. 36GuercinoGuercino1591–1666 · 17th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists1.1
  37. 37Piero della FrancescaPiero della Francesca1415–1492 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists1.1
  38. 38Giulio RomanoGiulio Romano1499–1546 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists1.1
  39. 39Carlo GoldoniCarlo Goldoni1707–1793 · 18th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.99
  40. 40Luigi PirandelloLuigi Pirandello1867–1936 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.95
  41. 41Bernardino of SienaBernardino of Siena1380–1444 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics0.94
  42. 42Luigi EinaudiLuigi Einaudi1874–1961 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.93
  43. 43Pietro VerriPietro Verri1728–1797 · 18th century · Academics0.89
  44. 44Leon Battista AlbertiLeon Battista Alberti1404–1472 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Architects0.88
  45. 45Pietro AretinoPietro Aretino1492–1556 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.88
  46. 46Vincenzo GiobertiVincenzo Gioberti1801–1852 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics0.87
  47. 47PisanelloPisanello1395–1455 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.86
  48. 48DomenichinoDomenichino1581–1641 · 17th century · Artists0.86
  49. 49Cesare BalboCesare Balbo1789–1853 · 19th century · Politicians0.84
  50. 50PontormoPontormo1494–1556 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.83
  51. 51Cesare BorgiaCesare Borgia1475–1507 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Historical Figures0.83
  52. 52Niccolò MachiavelliNiccolò Machiavelli1469–1527 · 16th century · Politicians0.82
  53. 53Salvator RosaSalvator Rosa1615–1673 · 17th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.82
  54. 54Aldo MoroAldo Moro1916–1978 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.82
  55. 55Vittoria ColonnaVittoria Colonna1492–1547 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.82
  56. 56Antonio RosminiAntonio Rosmini1797–1855 · 19th century · Academics0.81
  57. 57Paolo RossiPaolo Rossi1956–2020 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Footballers0.80
  58. 58Filippo TuratiFilippo Turati1857–1932 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.80
  59. 59ParmigianinoParmigianino1503–1540 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.78
  60. 60Giovanni BoccaccioGiovanni Boccaccio1313–1375 · 14th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.77
  61. 61Cosimo de' MediciCosimo de' Medici1389–1464 · 15th century · Politicians0.76
  62. 62Francesca da RiminiFrancesca da Rimini1259–1285 · 13th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.76
  63. 63Massimo d'AzeglioMassimo d'Azeglio1798–1866 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.76
  64. 64Bettino RicasoliBettino Ricasoli1809–1880 · 19th century · Politicians0.74
  65. 65Guido CavalcantiGuido Cavalcanti1258–1300 · 13th century · Writers0.74
  66. 66Umberto EcoUmberto Eco1932–2016 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.73
  67. 67CanalettoCanaletto1697–1768 · 18th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.73
  68. 68Guido ReniGuido Reni1575–1642 · 17th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.72
  69. 69Andrea DoriaAndrea Doria1466–1560 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.71
  70. 70Marsilio FicinoMarsilio Ficino1433–1499 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics0.70
  71. 71Niccolò TommaseoNiccolò Tommaseo1802–1874 · 19th century · Academics0.69
  72. 72Giorgio VasariGiorgio Vasari1511–1574 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.69
  73. 73Antonio GramsciAntonio Gramsci1891–1937 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics0.68
  74. 74Pietro BemboPietro Bembo1470–1547 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Religious Figures0.68
  75. 75Pietro da CortonaPietro da Cortona1596–1669 · 17th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.68
  76. 76Luigi LuzzattiLuigi Luzzatti1841–1927 · 19th century · Politicians0.67
  77. 77Paolo SarpiPaolo Sarpi1552–1623 · 16th century · Academics0.67
  78. 78Paolo VeronesePaolo Veronese1528–1588 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.67
  79. 79Giovanni BelliniGiovanni Bellini1430–1516 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.67
  80. 80Andrea del SartoAndrea del Sarto1486–1530 · 16th century · Artists0.66
  81. 81Giambattista VicoGiambattista Vico1668–1744 · 18th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics0.65
  82. 82Marco MinghettiMarco Minghetti1818–1886 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.64
  83. 83Margaret of SavoyMargaret of Savoy1851–1926 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.64
  84. 84Bettino CraxiBettino Craxi1934–2000 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.62
  85. 85Giovanni VergaGiovanni Verga1840–1922 · 19th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.61
  86. 86Francesco GuicciardiniFrancesco Guicciardini1483–1540 · 16th century · Writers0.61
  87. 87Paolo UccelloPaolo Uccello1397–1475 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.61
  88. 88Domenico PassignanoDomenico Passignano1559–1638 · 16th century · Artists0.61
  89. 89Antonio LabriolaAntonio Labriola1843–1904 · 19th century · Academics0.60
  90. 90PinturicchioPinturicchio1454–1513 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.60
  91. 91Leonardo BruniLeonardo Bruni1369–1444 · 15th century · Writers0.60
  92. 92Grazia DeleddaGrazia Deledda1871–1936 · 20th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Writers0.60
  93. 93Francesco GonzagaFrancesco Gonzaga1444–1483 · 15th century0.60
  94. 94Alessandro CagliostroAlessandro Cagliostro1743–1795 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Doctors0.59
  95. 95Lucrezia BorgiaLucrezia Borgia1480–1519 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Historical Figures0.59
  96. 96Isabella d'EsteIsabella d'Este1474–1539 · 16th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Artists0.58
  97. 97Isabella d'Este, Duchess of ParmaIsabella d'Este, Duchess of Parma1635–1666 · 17th century · Historical Figures0.58
  98. 98Filippo Maria ViscontiFilippo Maria Visconti1392–1447 · 15th century · Politicians0.58
  99. 99Girolamo SavonarolaGirolamo Savonarola1452–1498 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Politicians0.57
  100. 100Tommaso CampanellaTommaso Campanella1568–1639 · 17th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Academics0.57

Lived then

The most notable people whose working lives fell in the 20th century, ranked where Wikipedia coverage and readership agree.

CountryAll🇺🇸 United States🇬🇧 United Kingdom🇫🇷 France🇩🇪 Germany🇮🇹 Italy🇮🇳 India🇯🇵 Japan🇨🇳 China🇨🇦 Canada🇸🇪 Sweden
FieldAllActorsPoliticiansMusiciansWritersDirectorsHistorical FiguresAcademicsFootballersScientistsArtists
  1. 1Roman PolanskiRoman Polanskiborn 1933 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors6 decades
  2. 2Jean-Luc GodardJean-Luc Godard1930–2022 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors6 decades
  3. 3Jacques CousteauJacques Cousteau1910–1997 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors5 decades
  4. 4Luc BessonLuc Bessonborn 1959 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors4 decades
  5. 5François TruffautFrançois Truffaut1932–1984 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors7 decades
  6. 6Louis MalleLouis Malle1932–1995 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors7 decades
  7. 7Claude LelouchClaude Lelouchborn 1937 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors6 decades
  8. 8Roger VadimRoger Vadim1928–2000 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors7 decades
  9. 9Bernard-Henri LévyBernard-Henri Lévyborn 1948 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors5 decades
  10. 10Claude ChabrolClaude Chabrol1930–2010 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors7 decades
  11. 11Jean RenoirJean Renoir1894–1979 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors10 decades
  12. 12Costa-GavrasCosta-Gavrasborn 1933 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors6 decades
  13. 13Jean-Pierre JeunetJean-Pierre Jeunetborn 1953 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors3 decades
  14. 14Robert BressonRobert Bresson1901–1999 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors8 decades
  15. 15Tony GatlifTony Gatlifborn 1948 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  16. 16Jacques TatiJacques Tati1907–1982 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors8 decades
  17. 17Éric RohmerÉric Rohmer1920–2010 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors5 decades
  18. 18Jean-Jacques AnnaudJean-Jacques Annaudborn 1943 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors4 decades
  19. 19Michel GondryMichel Gondryborn 1963 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  20. 20Abdellatif KechicheAbdellatif Kechicheborn 1960 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  21. 21Jean-Pierre MelvilleJean-Pierre Melville1917–1973 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  22. 22Jacques AudiardJacques Audiardborn 1952 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  23. 23Alain ResnaisAlain Resnais1922–2014 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors7 decades
  24. 24Olivier AssayasOlivier Assayasborn 1955 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  25. 25Kad MeradKad Meradborn 1964 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  26. 26Jacques DemyJacques Demy1931–1990 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  27. 27Leos CaraxLeos Caraxborn 1960 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  28. 28Claire DenisClaire Denisborn 1946 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  29. 29Bertrand BlierBertrand Blier1939–2025 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  30. 30Francis VeberFrancis Veberborn 1937 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  31. 31Bertrand TavernierBertrand Tavernier1941–2021 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  32. 32Claude SautetClaude Sautet1924–2000 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  33. 33Henri-Georges ClouzotHenri-Georges Clouzot1907–1977 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  34. 34Claude LanzmannClaude Lanzmann1925–2018 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  35. 35Jacques RivetteJacques Rivette1928–2016 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  36. 36Catherine BreillatCatherine Breillatborn 1948 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  37. 37Alice Guy-BlachéAlice Guy-Blaché1873–1968 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  38. 38Nicolas HulotNicolas Hulotborn 1955 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  39. 39Patrice ChéreauPatrice Chéreau1944–2013 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  40. 40Barbet SchroederBarbet Schroederborn 1941 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  41. 41Claude ZidiClaude Zidiborn 1934 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  42. 42Marcel CamusMarcel Camus1912–1982 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  43. 43Philippe GarrelPhilippe Garrelborn 1948 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  44. 44Chris MarkerChris Marker1921–2012 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  45. 45Raymond LoewyRaymond Loewy1893–1986 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  46. 46Maurice PialatMaurice Pialat1925–2003 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  47. 47Jacques DoillonJacques Doillonborn 1944 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  48. 48Antoine de CaunesAntoine de Caunesborn 1953 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  49. 49Patrice LecontePatrice Leconteborn 1947 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  50. 50Gérard OuryGérard Oury1919–2006 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  51. 51Jacques DerayJacques Deray1929–2003 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  52. 52Benoît JacquotBenoît Jacquotborn 1947 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  53. 53Max OphülsMax Ophüls1902–1957 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  54. 54Nadine TrintignantNadine Trintignantborn 1934 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  55. 55Philippe de BrocaPhilippe de Broca1933–2004 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  56. 56Marcel CarnéMarcel Carné1906–1996 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  57. 57René ClémentRené Clément1913–1996 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  58. 58Cédric KlapischCédric Klapischborn 1961 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  59. 59René ClairRené Clair1898–1981 · 🇫🇷 France · Directors10 decades
  60. 60Noémie LvovskyNoémie Lvovskyborn 1964 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  61. 61Jacques TourneurJacques Tourneur1904–1977 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  62. 62Christophe GansChristophe Gansborn 1960 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  63. 63Jean LefebvreJean Lefebvre1919–2004 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  64. 64Robert GuédiguianRobert Guédiguianborn 1953 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  65. 65Abel GanceAbel Gance1889–1981 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  66. 66Jean-Marie PoiréJean-Marie Poiréborn 1945 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  67. 67Jean-Pierre MockyJean-Pierre Mocky1929–2019 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  68. 68Jean-Jacques BeineixJean-Jacques Beineix1946–2022 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  69. 69Yves AllégretYves Allégret1905–1987 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  70. 70Philippe ClaudelPhilippe Claudelborn 1962 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  71. 71Georges LautnerGeorges Lautner1926–2013 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  72. 72Julien DuvivierJulien Duvivier1896–1967 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  73. 73Ariane MnouchkineAriane Mnouchkineborn 1939 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  74. 74Trần Anh HùngTrần Anh Hùngborn 1962 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  75. 75Bruno DumontBruno Dumontborn 1958 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  76. 76Dominik MollDominik Mollborn 1962 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  77. 77Jean VigoJean Vigo1905–1934 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  78. 78André TéchinéAndré Téchinéborn 1943 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  79. 79Laurent CantetLaurent Cantet1961–2024 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  80. 80Jean GiraultJean Girault1924–1982 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  81. 81Alain CorneauAlain Corneau1943–2010 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  82. 82Yves RobertYves Robert1920–2002 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  83. 83André HunebelleAndré Hunebelle1896–1985 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  84. 84Édouard MolinaroÉdouard Molinaro1928–2013 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  85. 85Jeannot SzwarcJeannot Szwarc1937–2025 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  86. 86Jean RouchJean Rouch1917–2004 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  87. 87Arnaud DesplechinArnaud Desplechinborn 1960 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  88. 88Coline SerreauColine Serreauborn 1947 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  89. 89Yves CiampiYves Ciampi1921–1982 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  90. 90Joris IvensJoris Ivens1898–1989 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  91. 91Pierre MorelPierre Morelborn 1964 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  92. 92Jean EpsteinJean Epstein1897–1953 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  93. 93Patrick TimsitPatrick Timsitborn 1959 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  94. 94Anne FontaineAnne Fontaineborn 1959 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  95. 95Albert LamorisseAlbert Lamorisse1922–1970 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  96. 96Fanny CottençonFanny Cottençonborn 1957 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  97. 97Just JaeckinJust Jaeckin1940–2022 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  98. 98Pierre SchoendoerfferPierre Schoendoerffer1928–2012 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  99. 99Alain CavalierAlain Cavalierborn 1931 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—
  100. 100Yves BoissetYves Boisset1939–2025 · 🇫🇷 France · Directorsnot measured—

How this is measured

  • Placing people in time. Each person belongs to the century in which they were most active — around age 35, and never after their death.
  • Who ranks highest. Within a century, people are ranked where two independent signals agree: how many of the world’s Wikipedia language editions cover them, and how many people actually read about them. Article counts alone can be lifted by a person’s own circle; readers cannot.
  • Fame in print. The curves count how often a name appears in Google Books from 1800 to 2019, as a share of all the words printed each year, in the person’s own language wherever that corpus exists. Those decades are over, so each measurement is made once and kept.
  • What is left out. A lifetime is measured only from 1820, when there is enough print to judge; the five years after a death are skipped as obituaries; and a name shared with someone equally notable is credited to neither.