Claim profile
1900–1999

The 20th century

Whose names filled the books of the 20th century — anyone at all, however long dead — counted as mentions per million words printed, so a period that simply published more does not inflate anyone.

Talked about then

Whose names appeared most in French books during the 20th century — whenever they lived.

In books written inEnglish28,219German4,127French3,913Italian2,072Spanish1,601Russian838Chinese282Hebrew149
  1. 1VoltaireVoltaire1694–1778 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers23
  2. 2Louis XIV of FranceLouis XIV of France1638–1715 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures15
  3. 3MolièreMolière1622–1673 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers12
  4. 4StendhalStendhal1783–1842 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers10
  5. 5Victor HugoVictor Hugo1802–1885 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers9.4
  6. 6Louis XVI of FranceLouis XVI of France1754–1793 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures7.0
  7. 7MontesquieuMontesquieu1689–1755 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics6.4
  8. 8Louis XV of FranceLouis XV of France1710–1774 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures6.2
  9. 9François FénelonFrançois Fénelon1651–1715 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures4.6
  10. 10Joan of ArcJoan of Arc1412–1431 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France4.0
  11. 11Napoleon IIINapoleon III1808–1873 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians3.6
  12. 12George SandGeorge Sand1804–1876 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers3.4
  13. 13Henry II of FranceHenry II of France1519–1559 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians3.3
  14. 14HIHenry II, Count of Euborn 1160 · 12th century · 🇫🇷 France3.3
  15. 15Louis XVIII of FranceLouis XVIII of France1755–1824 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians3.1
  16. 16François MitterrandFrançois Mitterrand1916–1996 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians2.3
  17. 17Pierre de MarivauxPierre de Marivaux1688–1763 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers2.2
  18. 18Anatole FranceAnatole France1844–1924 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers2.2
  19. 19Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette1755–1793 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures2.1
  20. 20Francis de SalesFrancis de Sales1567–1622 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures2.0
  21. 21André GideAndré Gide1869–1951 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.9
  22. 22Léon BlumLéon Blum1872–1950 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.9
  23. 23Jacques ChiracJacques Chirac1932–2019 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.8
  24. 24Charles X of FranceCharles X of France1757–1836 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.8
  25. 25Paul ValéryPaul Valéry1871–1945 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.7
  26. 26Auguste ComteAuguste Comte1798–1857 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics1.7
  27. 27Marcel ProustMarcel Proust1871–1922 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.7
  28. 28Louis XII of FranceLouis XII of France1462–1515 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures1.7
  29. 29Benjamin ConstantBenjamin Constant1767–1830 · 19th century · 🇨🇭 Switzerland · Politicians1.6
  30. 30Vincent de PaulVincent de Paul1581–1660 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures1.5
  31. 31Charles Marie René Leconte de LisleCharles Marie René Leconte de Lisle1818–1894 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.5
  32. 32Romain RollandRomain Rolland1866–1944 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.4
  33. 33Théophile GautierThéophile Gautier1811–1872 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.4
  34. 34Claude BernardClaude Bernard1813–1878 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.4
  35. 35Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau1712–1778 · 18th century · 🇨🇭 Switzerland · Academics1.3
  36. 36Jules FerryJules Ferry1832–1893 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.3
  37. 37Paul ClaudelPaul Claudel1868–1955 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.3
  38. 38AdunisAdunisborn 1930 · 20th century · Writers1.2
  39. 39Alexandre Dumas filsAlexandre Dumas fils1824–1895 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.2
  40. 40Alexandre DumasAlexandre Dumas1802–1870 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.2
  41. 41Maine de BiranMaine de Biran1766–1824 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.1
  42. 42Jules VerneJules Verne1828–1905 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.1
  43. 43Georges PompidouGeorges Pompidou1911–1974 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.1
  44. 44Louis BlancLouis Blanc1811–1882 · 19th century · 🇪🇸 Spain · Politicians1.0
  45. 45Léon BloyLéon Bloy1846–1917 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.0
  46. 46Marie de' MediciMarie de' Medici1575–1642 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.00
  47. 47Paul BourgetPaul Bourget1852–1935 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.99
  48. 48Valéry Giscard d'EstaingValéry Giscard d'Estaing1926–2020 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.98
  49. 49André BretonAndré Breton1896–1966 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.97
  50. 50Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor1500–1558 · 16th century · Historical Figures0.97
  51. 51Le CorbusierLe Corbusier1887–1965 · 20th century · 🇨🇭 Switzerland · Architects0.95
  52. 52Philip V of SpainPhilip V of Spain1683–1746 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.94
  53. 53Alfred de VignyAlfred de Vigny1797–1863 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.93
  54. 54Alfred de MussetAlfred de Musset1810–1857 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.92
  55. 55Francis II of FranceFrancis II of France1544–1560 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.91
  56. 56Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de BrantômePierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme1540–1614 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.91
  57. 57Joseph de MaistreJoseph de Maistre1753–1821 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.91
  58. 58François MauriacFrançois Mauriac1885–1970 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.88
  59. 59Pope John XXIIPope John XXII1244–1334 · 13th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures0.88
  60. 60Gérard de NervalGérard de Nerval1808–1855 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.84
  61. 61Jean CocteauJean Cocteau1889–1963 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.83
  62. 62Charles the BoldCharles the Bold1433–1477 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.83
  63. 63Charles MaurrasCharles Maurras1868–1952 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.78
  64. 64André ChénierAndré Chénier1762–1794 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.76
  65. 65André MalrauxAndré Malraux1901–1976 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.75
  66. 66Alphonse DaudetAlphonse Daudet1840–1897 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.74
  67. 67Pierre LavalPierre Laval1883–1945 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.74
  68. 68La GrangeLa Grange1635–1692 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Actors0.74
  69. 69Max JacobMax Jacob1876–1944 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.72
  70. 70Jules SimonJules Simon1814–1896 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.71
  71. 71Charles de GaulleCharles de Gaulle1890–1970 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.69
  72. 72Chrétien de TroyesChrétien de Troyes1135–1181 · 12th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.67
  73. 73Jules FavreJules Favre1809–1880 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.66
  74. 74NapoleonNapoleon1769–1821 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures0.66
  75. 75Alain JuppéAlain Juppéborn 1945 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.66
  76. 76Gaston ParisGaston Paris1839–1903 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.65
  77. 77Maurice BarrèsMaurice Barrès1862–1923 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.65
  78. 78Louis XVII of FranceLouis XVII of France1785–1795 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France0.64
  79. 79Pope Julius IIPope Julius II1443–1513 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Religious Figures0.62
  80. 80Henri de RégnierHenri de Régnier1864–1936 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.62
  81. 81Roland BarthesRoland Barthes1915–1980 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.61
  82. 82Victor CousinVictor Cousin1792–1867 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.60
  83. 83Albert CamusAlbert Camus1913–1960 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.60
  84. 84Sarah BernhardtSarah Bernhardt1844–1923 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Actors0.58
  85. 85Lionel JospinLionel Jospin1937–2026 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.58
  86. 86Jules LemaîtreJules Lemaître1853–1914 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.57
  87. 87Léon BourgeoisLéon Bourgeois1851–1925 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.57
  88. 88Simone de BeauvoirSimone de Beauvoir1908–1986 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.56
  89. 89Jules RenardJules Renard1864–1910 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.56
  90. 90Pierre LotiPierre Loti1850–1923 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.56
  91. 91Vincent AuriolVincent Auriol1884–1966 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.56
  92. 92Gustave FlaubertGustave Flaubert1821–1880 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.55
  93. 93Charles de Lorraine de VaudémontCharles de Lorraine de Vaudémont1561–1587 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures0.55
  94. 94Charles of LorraineCharles of Lorraine1567–1607 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France0.55
  95. 95Gabriel MarcelGabriel Marcel1889–1973 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.54
  96. 96Charles PéguyCharles Péguy1873–1914 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.53
  97. 97Robert SchumanRobert Schuman1886–1963 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.53
  98. 98Raymond PoincaréRaymond Poincaré1860–1934 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.52
  99. 99Marc BlochMarc Bloch1886–1944 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.52
  100. 100Saint-John PerseSaint-John Perse1887–1975 · 20th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.52

Lived then

The most notable people whose working lives fell in the 20th century, ranked where Wikipedia coverage and readership agree.

CountryAll🇺🇸 United States🇬🇧 United Kingdom🇫🇷 France🇩🇪 Germany🇮🇹 Italy🇮🇳 India🇯🇵 Japan🇨🇳 China🇨🇦 Canada🇸🇪 Sweden
FieldAllActorsPoliticiansMusiciansWritersDirectorsHistorical FiguresAcademicsFootballersScientistsArtists
  1. 1Margaret AtwoodMargaret Atwoodborn 1939 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writers5 decades
  2. 2Lucy Maud MontgomeryLucy Maud Montgomery1874–1942 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writers3 decades
  3. 3Alice MunroAlice Munro1931–2024 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writers5 decades
  4. 4Phan Thị Kim PhúcPhan Thị Kim Phúcborn 1963 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  5. 5Yann MartelYann Martelborn 1963 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writers1 decades
  6. 6Paul HaggisPaul Haggisborn 1953 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  7. 7Michael OndaatjeMichael Ondaatjeborn 1943 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writers5 decades
  8. 8Brian TracyBrian Tracyborn 1944 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  9. 9David ShoreDavid Shoreborn 1959 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  10. 10Robin SharmaRobin Sharmaborn 1964 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  11. 11Manly P. HallManly P. Hall1901–1990 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  12. 12Anne CarsonAnne Carsonborn 1950 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  13. 13Cliff ThorburnCliff Thorburnborn 1948 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  14. 14John IrelandJohn Ireland1914–1992 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  15. 15Steven EriksonSteven Eriksonborn 1959 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  16. 16Eric BerneEric Berne1910–1970 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  17. 17Roméo DallaireRoméo Dallaireborn 1946 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  18. 18Louise PennyLouise Pennyborn 1958 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  19. 19John McCraeJohn McCrae1872–1918 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  20. 20A. E. van VogtA. E. van Vogt1912–2000 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  21. 21Douglas CouplandDouglas Couplandborn 1961 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  22. 22Northrop FryeNorthrop Frye1912–1991 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  23. 23Aimee Semple McPhersonAimee Semple McPherson1890–1944 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  24. 24Mordecai RichlerMordecai Richler1931–2001 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  25. 25Farley MowatFarley Mowat1921–2014 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  26. 26Jo WaltonJo Waltonborn 1964 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  27. 27Robertson DaviesRobertson Davies1913–1995 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  28. 28Stephen LeacockStephen Leacock1869–1944 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  29. 29RMRohinton Mistryborn 1952 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  30. 30Margaret MacMillanMargaret MacMillanborn 1943 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  31. 31Gabrielle RoyGabrielle Roy1909–1983 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  32. 32Robert J. SawyerRobert J. Sawyerborn 1960 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  33. 33Petar RajičPetar Rajičborn 1959 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  34. 34Vincent MasseyVincent Massey1887–1967 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  35. 35Natalie Zemon DavisNatalie Zemon Davis1928–2023 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  36. 36Margaret TrudeauMargaret Trudeauborn 1948 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  37. 37Nellie McClungNellie McClung1873–1951 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  38. 38Robert W. ServiceRobert W. Service1874–1958 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  39. 39Don McKellarDon McKellarborn 1963 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  40. 40Robert Charles WilsonRobert Charles Wilsonborn 1953 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  41. 41Miriam ToewsMiriam Toewsborn 1964 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  42. 42Guy Gavriel KayGuy Gavriel Kayborn 1954 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  43. 43Karim RashidKarim Rashidborn 1960 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  44. 44Carol ShieldsCarol Shields1935–2003 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  45. 45ABAlan Bradley1938–2026 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  46. 46Gordon R. DicksonGordon R. Dickson1923–2001 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  47. 47Ed GreenwoodEd Greenwoodborn 1959 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  48. 48Deborah EllisDeborah Ellisborn 1960 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  49. 49David MannersDavid Manners1900–1998 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  50. 50Émile NelliganÉmile Nelligan1879–1941 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  51. 51KDKaren Dianne Baldwinborn 1963 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  52. 52Anne HébertAnne Hébert1916–2000 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  53. 53Shane RimmerShane Rimmer1929–2019 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  54. 54Elisabeth Mann BorgeseElisabeth Mann Borgese1918–2002 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  55. 55Emily MurphyEmily Murphy1868–1933 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  56. 56Margaret LaurenceMargaret Laurence1926–1987 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  57. 57John R. SaulJohn R. Saulborn 1947 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  58. 58SSSasha Sokolovborn 1943 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  59. 59Tarek FatahTarek Fatah1949–2023 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  60. 60Aki ShimazakiAki Shimazakiborn 1954 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  61. 61Graham YostGraham Yostborn 1959 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  62. 62GGGraeme Gibson1934–2019 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  63. 63Dick PoundDick Poundborn 1942 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  64. 64Spider RobinsonSpider Robinsonborn 1948 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  65. 65Gilles VigneaultGilles Vigneaultborn 1928 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  66. 66Mazo de la RocheMazo de la Roche1879–1961 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  67. 67CDCharles de Lintborn 1951 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  68. 68Marion WoodmanMarion Woodman1928–2018 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  69. 69Nalo HopkinsonNalo Hopkinsonborn 1960 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  70. 70Serge MonastSerge Monast1945–1996 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  71. 71Antonine MailletAntonine Maillet1929–2025 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  72. 72Sylvana Windsor, Countess of St AndrewsSylvana Windsor, Countess of St Andrewsborn 1957 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  73. 73Mark SteynMark Steynborn 1959 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  74. 74Sara BotsfordSara Botsfordborn 1951 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  75. 75Joy FieldingJoy Fieldingborn 1945 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  76. 76Judith MerrilJudith Merril1923–1997 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  77. 77Alistair MacLeodAlistair MacLeod1936–2014 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  78. 78Shari LapenaShari Lapenaborn 1960 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  79. 79Anne MichaelsAnne Michaelsborn 1958 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  80. 80George WoodcockGeorge Woodcock1912–1995 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  81. 81Mavis GallantMavis Gallant1922–2014 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  82. 82Sue JohansonSue Johanson1930–2023 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  83. 83Timothy FindleyTimothy Findley1930–2002 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  84. 84Irving LaytonIrving Layton1912–2006 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  85. 85MMMargaret Millar1915–1994 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  86. 86Jeremy PodeswaJeremy Podeswaborn 1962 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  87. 87William P. YoungWilliam P. Youngborn 1955 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  88. 88Patrick LussierPatrick Lussierborn 1964 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  89. 89VOVictor Ostrovskyborn 1949 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  90. 90GKGrizelda Kristiņa1910–2013 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  91. 91Jules LégerJules Léger1913–1980 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  92. 92Moishe PostoneMoishe Postone1942–2018 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  93. 93Jane UrquhartJane Urquhartborn 1949 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  94. 94Marie-Claire BlaisMarie-Claire Blais1939–2021 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  95. 95Jan GrabowskiJan Grabowskiborn 1962 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  96. 96Tanya HuffTanya Huffborn 1957 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  97. 97Timothy BrookTimothy Brookborn 1951 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  98. 98Wendy McElroyWendy McElroyborn 1951 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  99. 99Réjean DucharmeRéjean Ducharme1941–2017 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—
  100. 100OSOrest Subtelny1941–2016 · 🇨🇦 Canada · Writersnot measured—

How this is measured

  • Placing people in time. Each person belongs to the century in which they were most active — around age 35, and never after their death.
  • Who ranks highest. Within a century, people are ranked where two independent signals agree: how many of the world’s Wikipedia language editions cover them, and how many people actually read about them. Article counts alone can be lifted by a person’s own circle; readers cannot.
  • Fame in print. The curves count how often a name appears in Google Books from 1800 to 2019, as a share of all the words printed each year, in the person’s own language wherever that corpus exists. Those decades are over, so each measurement is made once and kept.
  • What is left out. A lifetime is measured only from 1820, when there is enough print to judge; the five years after a death are skipped as obituaries; and a name shared with someone equally notable is credited to neither.