Claim profile
1900–1999

The 20th century

Whose names filled the books of the 20th century — anyone at all, however long dead — counted as mentions per million words printed, so a period that simply published more does not inflate anyone.

Talked about then

Whose names appeared most in Russian books during the 20th century — whenever they lived.

In books written inEnglish28,219German4,127French3,913Italian2,072Spanish1,601Russian838Chinese282Hebrew149
  1. 1Leo TolstoyLeo Tolstoy1828–1910 · 19th century · Writers2.6
  2. 2Patriarch Nikon of MoscowPatriarch Nikon of Moscow1605–1681 · 17th century · Religious Figures2.2
  3. 3Peter the GreatPeter the Great1672–1725 · 18th century · Politicians1.8
  4. 4Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of RussiaNicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia1843–1865 · 19th century · Historical Figures1.5
  5. 5Macarius, Metropolitan of MoscowMacarius, Metropolitan of Moscow1482–1563 · 16th century · Writers1.5
  6. 6Boris GodunovBoris Godunov1552–1605 · 16th century · Politicians1.4
  7. 7Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin1870–1924 · 20th century · Politicians1.4
  8. 8Nicholas I of RussiaNicholas I of Russia1796–1855 · 19th century · Models1.3
  9. 9Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of RussiaGrand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia1859–1919 · 19th century · Historical Figures1.2
  10. 10Ivan the TerribleIvan the Terrible1530–1584 · 16th century · Politicians1.1
  11. 11Alexander I of RussiaAlexander I of Russia1777–1825 · 19th century · Historical Figures1.1
  12. 12Alexander II of RussiaAlexander II of Russia1818–1881 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.99
  13. 13Nicholas II of RussiaNicholas II of Russia1868–1918 · 20th century · Historical Figures0.99
  14. 14Maxim GorkyMaxim Gorky1868–1936 · 20th century · Writers0.98
  15. 15Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of RussiaAlexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia1904–1918 · 20th century · Historical Figures0.97
  16. 16Ivan I of TverIvan I of Tver1357–1425 · 14th century · Historical Figures0.92
  17. 17Alexis of RussiaAlexis of Russia1629–1676 · 17th century · Historical Figures0.86
  18. 18Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of RussiaGrand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia1832–1909 · 19th century · Politicians0.86
  19. 19Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of RussiaAlexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia1690–1718 · 18th century · Politicians0.78
  20. 20Andrei BelyAndrei Bely1880–1934 · 20th century · Writers0.74
  21. 21Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of RussiaGrand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia1847–1909 · 19th century · Politicians0.72
  22. 22Sergo OrdzhonikidzeSergo Ordzhonikidze1886–1937 · 20th century · Politicians0.72
  23. 23Ivan I Aleksandrovich, Prince of SmolenskIvan I Aleksandrovich, Prince of Smolenskdied 1359 · 14th century0.72
  24. 24Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of RussiaGrand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia1899–1918 · 20th century · Historical Figures0.70
  25. 25Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of RussiaGrand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia1827–1892 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.65
  26. 26Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of RussiaGrand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia1864–1931 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.64
  27. 27Alexander III of RussiaAlexander III of Russia1845–1894 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.63
  28. 28Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of RussiaGrand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia1857–1905 · 19th century · Politicians0.63
  29. 29Alexander BlokAlexander Blok1880–1921 · 20th century · Writers0.62
  30. 30Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of RussiaGrand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia1850–1908 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.59
  31. 31Alexandra VelyaminovaAlexandra Velyaminova1301–1364 · 14th century0.52
  32. 32Maria FeodorovnaMaria Feodorovna1847–1928 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.51
  33. 33Michael of RussiaMichael of Russia1596–1645 · 17th century · Historical Figures0.51
  34. 34Elizabeth of RussiaElizabeth of Russia1709–1761 · 18th century · Historical Figures0.48
  35. 35Vladimir MayakovskyVladimir Mayakovsky1893–1930 · 20th century · Writers0.47
  36. 36Aleksey TolstoyAleksey Tolstoy1882–1945 · 20th century · Writers0.45
  37. 37Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of RussiaGrand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia1860–1919 · 19th century · Politicians0.45
  38. 38Aleksey Konstantinovich TolstoyAleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy1817–1875 · 19th century · Writers0.43
  39. 39Maximus the GreekMaximus the Greek1475–1556 · 16th century · Writers0.43
  40. 40Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of RussiaGrand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia1895–1918 · 20th century · Historical Figures0.43
  41. 41Olga Nikolaevna of RussiaOlga Nikolaevna of Russia1822–1892 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.43
  42. 42Leonid AndreyevLeonid Andreyev1871–1919 · 20th century · Writers0.43
  43. 43Alexander PushkinAlexander Pushkin1799–1837 · 19th century · Writers0.41
  44. 44Boris YeltsinBoris Yeltsin1931–2007 · 20th century · Politicians0.41
  45. 45Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of RussiaGrand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia1779–1831 · 19th century · Politicians0.40
  46. 46Valery BryusovValery Bryusov1873–1924 · 20th century · Writers0.38
  47. 47Paul I of RussiaPaul I of Russia1754–1801 · 18th century · Historical Figures0.37
  48. 48Gleb UspenskyGleb Uspensky1843–1902 · 19th century · Writers0.37
  49. 49Boris of TverBoris of Tver1400–1461 · 15th century0.37
  50. 50Patriarch JoachimPatriarch Joachim1621–1690 · 17th century0.36
  51. 51Ivan FyodorovIvan Fyodorov1510–1583 · 16th century0.36
  52. 52Sergei YeseninSergei Yesenin1895–1925 · 20th century · Writers0.36
  53. 53Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of RussiaGrand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia1858–1915 · 19th century · Writers0.35
  54. 54Avraamy PalitsynAvraamy Palitsyn1550–1626 · 16th century · Writers0.34
  55. 55Vasili IV of RussiaVasili IV of Russia1552–1612 · 16th century · Historical Figures0.31
  56. 56Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin1878–1953 · 20th century · Politicians0.30
  57. 57Leonid BrezhnevLeonid Brezhnev1906–1982 · 20th century · Politicians0.29
  58. 58Anna of RussiaAnna of Russia1693–1740 · 18th century · Politicians0.29
  59. 59Anton ChekhovAnton Chekhov1860–1904 · 19th century · Writers0.28
  60. 60Stepan RazinStepan Razin1630–1671 · 17th century0.27
  61. 61Peter III of RussiaPeter III of Russia1728–1762 · 18th century · 🇩🇪 Germany · Historical Figures0.27
  62. 62Yuri GagarinYuri Gagarin1934–1968 · 20th century · Politicians0.26
  63. 63Anna AkhmatovaAnna Akhmatova1889–1966 · 20th century · Writers0.25
  64. 64Vladimir SolovyovVladimir Solovyov1853–1900 · 19th century · Academics0.24
  65. 65Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of RussiaGrand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia1897–1918 · 20th century · Historical Figures0.24
  66. 66Taras ShevchenkoTaras Shevchenko1814–1861 · 19th century · Writers0.24
  67. 67Catherine Pavlovna of RussiaCatherine Pavlovna of Russia1788–1819 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.24
  68. 68Georgi DimitrovGeorgi Dimitrov1882–1949 · 20th century · Politicians0.24
  69. 69Denis DavydovDenis Davydov1784–1839 · 19th century · Writers0.24
  70. 70Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of RussiaGrand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia1825–1844 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.23
  71. 71Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of RussiaGrand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia1783–1801 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.22
  72. 72Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev1894–1971 · 20th century · Politicians0.22
  73. 73Symeon of PolotskSymeon of Polotsk1629–1680 · 17th century · Writers0.21
  74. 74HyacinthHyacinth1777–1853 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.21
  75. 75Marina TsvetaevaMarina Tsvetaeva1892–1941 · 20th century · Writers0.21
  76. 76Ilya EhrenburgIlya Ehrenburg1891–1967 · 20th century · Writers0.21
  77. 77Mikhail KalininMikhail Kalinin1875–1946 · 20th century · Politicians0.20
  78. 78Yemelyan PugachevYemelyan Pugachev1742–1775 · 18th century · Activists0.19
  79. 79Mikhail SholokhovMikhail Sholokhov1905–1984 · 20th century · Writers0.19
  80. 80Béla KunBéla Kun1886–1938 · 20th century · Activists0.19
  81. 81Mikhail LomonosovMikhail Lomonosov1711–1765 · 18th century · Scientists0.19
  82. 82Nikolai OstrovskyNikolai Ostrovsky1904–1936 · 20th century · Writers0.18
  83. 83Fyodor VolkovFyodor Volkov1729–1763 · 18th century · Actors0.17
  84. 84Grand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna of RussiaGrand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna of Russia1714–1728 · 18th century0.17
  85. 85Natalya Alexeevna of RussiaNatalya Alexeevna of Russia1673–1716 · 18th century · Writers0.17
  86. 86Dmitri MendeleevDmitri Mendeleev1834–1907 · 19th century · Scientists0.17
  87. 87Konstantin SimonovKonstantin Simonov1915–1979 · 20th century · Writers0.17
  88. 88Yanka KupalaYanka Kupala1882–1942 · 20th century · Writers0.17
  89. 89Konstantin of UglichKonstantin of Uglich1389–1434 · 15th century0.16
  90. 90Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of RussiaGrand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia1871–1899 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.16
  91. 91Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov1849–1936 · 19th century · Scientists0.16
  92. 92Vasili III of RussiaVasili III of Russia1479–1533 · 16th century · Politicians0.16
  93. 93Sholem AleichemSholem Aleichem1859–1916 · 19th century · Writers0.15
  94. 94Alexander SuvorovAlexander Suvorov1730–1800 · 18th century0.15
  95. 95Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of RussiaGrand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia1863–1919 · 19th century · Politicians0.14
  96. 96Fyodor DostoevskyFyodor Dostoevsky1821–1881 · 19th century · Writers0.14
  97. 97Mikhail GorbachevMikhail Gorbachev1931–2022 · 20th century · Politicians0.14
  98. 98Alexander BestuzhevAlexander Bestuzhev1797–1837 · 19th century · Writers0.14
  99. 99Alexander IvanovAlexander Ivanov1806–1858 · 19th century · Artists0.14
  100. 100Nadezhda KrupskayaNadezhda Krupskaya1869–1939 · 20th century · Politicians0.14

Lived then

The most notable people whose working lives fell in the 20th century, ranked where Wikipedia coverage and readership agree.

CountryAll🇺🇸 United States🇬🇧 United Kingdom🇫🇷 France🇩🇪 Germany🇮🇹 Italy🇮🇳 India🇯🇵 Japan🇨🇳 China🇨🇦 Canada🇸🇪 Sweden
FieldAllActorsPoliticiansMusiciansWritersDirectorsHistorical FiguresAcademicsFootballersScientistsArtists
  1. 1Henri MatisseHenri Matisse1869–1954 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists12 decades
  2. 2Wassily KandinskyWassily Kandinsky1866–1944 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists4 decades
  3. 3Marc ChagallMarc Chagall1887–1985 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists10 decades
  4. 4Marcel DuchampMarcel Duchamp1887–1968 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists10 decades
  5. 5René GoscinnyRené Goscinny1926–1977 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists5 decades
  6. 6Pierre BonnardPierre Bonnard1867–1947 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists13 decades
  7. 7Agnès VardaAgnès Varda1928–2019 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists7 decades
  8. 8Robert CapaRobert Capa1913–1954 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists7 decades
  9. 9Niki de Saint PhalleNiki de Saint Phalle1930–2002 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  10. 10BalthusBalthus1908–2001 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  11. 11Henri Cartier-BressonHenri Cartier-Bresson1908–2004 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists7 decades
  12. 12Georges BraqueGeorges Braque1882–1963 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists11 decades
  13. 13Louise BourgeoisLouise Bourgeois1911–2010 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists4 decades
  14. 14Yves KleinYves Klein1928–1962 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  15. 15Albert UderzoAlbert Uderzo1927–2020 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists4 decades
  16. 16Gerda WegenerGerda Wegener1885–1940 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  17. 17Suzanne ValadonSuzanne Valadon1865–1938 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  18. 18Françoise GilotFrançoise Gilot1921–2023 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  19. 19Yann Arthus-BertrandYann Arthus-Bertrandborn 1946 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  20. 20Dora MaarDora Maar1907–1997 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  21. 21Maurice UtrilloMaurice Utrillo1883–1955 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  22. 22Fernand LégerFernand Léger1881–1955 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists11 decades
  23. 23André DerainAndré Derain1880–1954 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists11 decades
  24. 24Jean DubuffetJean Dubuffet1901–1985 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists8 decades
  25. 25Francis PicabiaFrancis Picabia1879–1953 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists10 decades
  26. 26Robert DelaunayRobert Delaunay1885–1941 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists11 decades
  27. 27Jean ArpJean Arp1886–1966 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists7 decades
  28. 28Alice MillerAlice Miller1923–2010 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  29. 29CabuCabu1938–2015 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  30. 30Raoul DufyRaoul Dufy1877–1953 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  31. 31Marie LaurencinMarie Laurencin1883–1956 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  32. 32Robert DoisneauRobert Doisneau1912–1994 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists7 decades
  33. 33Enki BilalEnki Bilalborn 1951 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  34. 34Jeanne HébuterneJeanne Hébuterne1898–1920 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  35. 35Georges WolinskiGeorges Wolinski1934–2015 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists4 decades
  36. 36Pierre SoulagesPierre Soulages1919–2022 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  37. 37Édouard VuillardÉdouard Vuillard1868–1940 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  38. 38Maurice de VlaminckMaurice de Vlaminck1876–1958 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  39. 39Alice PrinAlice Prin1901–1953 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  40. 40Paul LandowskiPaul Landowski1875–1961 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  41. 41Claude CahunClaude Cahun1894–1954 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  42. 42Bernard BuffetBernard Buffet1928–1999 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  43. 43Sophie CalleSophie Calleborn 1953 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  44. 44Henri MichauxHenri Michaux1899–1984 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  45. 45Georges RouaultGeorges Rouault1871–1958 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  46. 46Émile BernardÉmile Bernard1868–1941 · 🇫🇷 France · Artists13 decades
  47. 47Maurice DenisMaurice Denis1870–1943 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  48. 48Marie-Thérèse WalterMarie-Thérèse Walter1909–1977 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  49. 49Yves TanguyYves Tanguy1900–1955 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  50. 50Tomi UngererTomi Ungerer1931–2019 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  51. 51Albert MarquetAlbert Marquet1875–1947 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  52. 52Jean-Jacques SempéJean-Jacques Sempé1932–2022 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  53. 53ArmanArman1928–2005 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  54. 54BrassaïBrassaï1899–1984 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  55. 55Pan YuliangPan Yuliang1895–1977 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  56. 56Ossip ZadkineOssip Zadkine1888–1967 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  57. 57Patrick DemarchelierPatrick Demarchelier1943–2022 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  58. 58Jean MetzingerJean Metzinger1883–1956 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  59. 59Kees van DongenKees van Dongen1877–1968 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  60. 60Zao Wou-KiZao Wou-Ki1920–2013 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  61. 61César BaldacciniCésar Baldaccini1921–1998 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  62. 62André MassonAndré Masson1896–1987 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  63. 63Hans BellmerHans Bellmer1902–1975 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  64. 64Pierre AlechinskyPierre Alechinskyborn 1927 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  65. 65Olga BoznańskaOlga Boznańska1865–1940 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  66. 66Paul PoiretPaul Poiret1879–1944 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  67. 67Christian BoltanskiChristian Boltanski1944–2021 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  68. 68Princess Marie, Princess Valdemar of DenmarkPrincess Marie, Princess Valdemar of Denmark1865–1909 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  69. 69ORLANORLANborn 1947 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  70. 70Albert GleizesAlbert Gleizes1881–1953 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  71. 71Maria Helena Vieira da SilvaMaria Helena Vieira da Silva1908–1992 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  72. 72Daniel BurenDaniel Burenborn 1938 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  73. 73André LhoteAndré Lhote1885–1962 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  74. 74TignousTignous1957–2015 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  75. 75Roman OpałkaRoman Opałka1931–2011 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  76. 76Jean-Claude MézièresJean-Claude Mézières1938–2022 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  77. 77Stéphane SednaouiStéphane Sednaouiborn 1963 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  78. 78Fernande OlivierFernande Olivier1881–1966 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  79. 79Jean LouisJean Louis1907–1997 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  80. 80Julie ManetJulie Manet1878–1966 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  81. 81Jacques-Henri LartigueJacques-Henri Lartigue1894–1986 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  82. 82Jean AgélouJean Agélou1878–1921 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  83. 83Jean-Paul GoudeJean-Paul Goudeborn 1938 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  84. 84Raymond DepardonRaymond Depardonborn 1942 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  85. 85ToyenToyen1902–1980 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  86. 86ASAlbert Spaggiari1932–1989 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  87. 87Gisèle FreundGisèle Freund1908–2000 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  88. 88Duchess Diane, Duchess of WürttembergDuchess Diane, Duchess of Württembergborn 1940 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  89. 89Georges MathieuGeorges Mathieu1921–2012 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  90. 90Annette MessagerAnnette Messagerborn 1943 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  91. 91ErtéErté1892–1990 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  92. 92Amédée OzenfantAmédée Ozenfant1886–1966 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  93. 93Jacques VillonJacques Villon1875–1963 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  94. 94Edmund DulacEdmund Dulac1882–1953 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  95. 95AKAdolfo Kaminsky1925–2023 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  96. 96Irina IonescoIrina Ionesco1930–2022 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  97. 97Marc RiboudMarc Riboud1923–2016 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  98. 98JFJean Fautrier1898–1964 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  99. 99Carlos SchwabeCarlos Schwabe1866–1926 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—
  100. 100David BeauchardDavid Beauchardborn 1959 · 🇫🇷 France · Artistsnot measured—

How this is measured

  • Placing people in time. Each person belongs to the century in which they were most active — around age 35, and never after their death.
  • Who ranks highest. Within a century, people are ranked where two independent signals agree: how many of the world’s Wikipedia language editions cover them, and how many people actually read about them. Article counts alone can be lifted by a person’s own circle; readers cannot.
  • Fame in print. The curves count how often a name appears in Google Books from 1800 to 2019, as a share of all the words printed each year, in the person’s own language wherever that corpus exists. Those decades are over, so each measurement is made once and kept.
  • What is left out. A lifetime is measured only from 1820, when there is enough print to judge; the five years after a death are skipped as obituaries; and a name shared with someone equally notable is credited to neither.