Claim profile
1800–1899

The 19th century

Whose names filled the books of the 19th century — anyone at all, however long dead — counted as mentions per million words printed, so a period that simply published more does not inflate anyone.

Talked about then

Whose names appeared most in French books during the 19th century — whenever they lived.

In books written inEnglish18,114German3,599French3,347Italian1,787Spanish1,162Russian325Hebrew105Chinese9
  1. 1VoltaireVoltaire1694–1778 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers37
  2. 2Louis XIV of FranceLouis XIV of France1638–1715 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures32
  3. 3Louis XVI of FranceLouis XVI of France1754–1793 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures16
  4. 4MolièreMolière1622–1673 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers15
  5. 5Louis XV of FranceLouis XV of France1710–1774 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures10
  6. 6MontesquieuMontesquieu1689–1755 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics7.7
  7. 7HIHenry II, Count of Euborn 1160 · 12th century · 🇫🇷 France5.7
  8. 8Henry II of FranceHenry II of France1519–1559 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians5.7
  9. 9Louis XVIII of FranceLouis XVIII of France1755–1824 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians5.7
  10. 10François FénelonFrançois Fénelon1651–1715 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures5.5
  11. 11Louis XII of FranceLouis XII of France1462–1515 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures5.2
  12. 12Victor HugoVictor Hugo1802–1885 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers3.3
  13. 13Charles X of FranceCharles X of France1757–1836 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians3.1
  14. 14Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette1755–1793 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures2.4
  15. 15Joan of ArcJoan of Arc1412–1431 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France2.4
  16. 16Francis de SalesFrancis de Sales1567–1622 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures2.4
  17. 17Philip V of SpainPhilip V of Spain1683–1746 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians2.2
  18. 18Francis II of FranceFrancis II of France1544–1560 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.9
  19. 19Marie de' MediciMarie de' Medici1575–1642 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.9
  20. 20Napoleon IIINapoleon III1808–1873 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.9
  21. 21Vincent de PaulVincent de Paul1581–1660 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures1.9
  22. 22Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de BrantômePierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme1540–1614 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.8
  23. 23Louis BlancLouis Blanc1811–1882 · 19th century · 🇪🇸 Spain · Politicians1.6
  24. 24Benjamin ConstantBenjamin Constant1767–1830 · 19th century · 🇨🇭 Switzerland · Politicians1.5
  25. 25Pope Julius IIPope Julius II1443–1513 · 15th century · 🇮🇹 Italy · Religious Figures1.5
  26. 26Jules FavreJules Favre1809–1880 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.4
  27. 27Jules SimonJules Simon1814–1896 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.4
  28. 28Pierre de MarivauxPierre de Marivaux1688–1763 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.2
  29. 29Alexandre Dumas filsAlexandre Dumas fils1824–1895 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers1.1
  30. 30Jules FerryJules Ferry1832–1893 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians1.1
  31. 31Charles of LorraineCharles of Lorraine1567–1607 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France0.94
  32. 32Charles de Lorraine de VaudémontCharles de Lorraine de Vaudémont1561–1587 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures0.94
  33. 33Camille DesmoulinsCamille Desmoulins1760–1794 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Journalists0.90
  34. 34Pope John XXIIPope John XXII1244–1334 · 13th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures0.89
  35. 35Alexandre DumasAlexandre Dumas1802–1870 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.87
  36. 36George SandGeorge Sand1804–1876 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.85
  37. 37Firmin DidotFirmin Didot1764–1836 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.80
  38. 38Claude BernardClaude Bernard1813–1878 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.79
  39. 39Pope Clement VPope Clement V1264–1314 · 13th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures0.78
  40. 40Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau1712–1778 · 18th century · 🇨🇭 Switzerland · Academics0.76
  41. 41Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de MaintenonFrançoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon1635–1719 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.76
  42. 42Odilon BarrotOdilon Barrot1791–1873 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.76
  43. 43Louis XVII of FranceLouis XVII of France1785–1795 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France0.73
  44. 44Louis BonaparteLouis Bonaparte1778–1846 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.73
  45. 45Anne of BrittanyAnne of Brittany1477–1514 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France0.73
  46. 46La GrangeLa Grange1635–1692 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Actors0.73
  47. 47Auguste ComteAuguste Comte1798–1857 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.69
  48. 48Charles the BoldCharles the Bold1433–1477 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.69
  49. 49Alfred de MussetAlfred de Musset1810–1857 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.68
  50. 50André ChénierAndré Chénier1762–1794 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.66
  51. 51Louis, Count of SoissonsLouis, Count of Soissons1604–1641 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France0.62
  52. 52Louis, Count of VermandoisLouis, Count of Vermandois1667–1683 · 17th century0.62
  53. 53Louis de Bourbon, Count of ClermontLouis de Bourbon, Count of Clermont1709–1771 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France0.62
  54. 54Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of PenthièvreLouis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre1725–1793 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.62
  55. 55Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of LiègeLouis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège1438–1482 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.62
  56. 56Margaret of ValoisMargaret of Valois1553–1615 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.61
  57. 57Gustav III of SwedenGustav III of Sweden1746–1792 · 18th century · 🇸🇪 Sweden · Politicians0.58
  58. 58Théophile GautierThéophile Gautier1811–1872 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.57
  59. 59Diane de PoitiersDiane de Poitiers1499–1566 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France0.56
  60. 60Olivier de SerresOlivier de Serres1539–1619 · 16th century · Writers0.55
  61. 61NostradamusNostradamus1503–1566 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.53
  62. 62Jeanne d'AlbretJeanne d'Albret1528–1572 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.52
  63. 63Augustin ThierryAugustin Thierry1795–1856 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.52
  64. 64NapoleonNapoleon1769–1821 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures0.51
  65. 65Margaret of Austria, Duchess of SavoyMargaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy1480–1530 · 16th century · 🇪🇸 Spain · Artists0.49
  66. 66Joseph BonaparteJoseph Bonaparte1768–1844 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.49
  67. 67Charlotte CordayCharlotte Corday1768–1793 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Historical Figures0.48
  68. 68Joseph de MaistreJoseph de Maistre1753–1821 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.48
  69. 69Ambroise ParéAmbroise Paré1510–1590 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Doctors0.48
  70. 70Mary of BurgundyMary of Burgundy1457–1482 · 15th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.47
  71. 71Pierre CorneillePierre Corneille1606–1684 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.46
  72. 72StendhalStendhal1783–1842 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.45
  73. 73Claude MichelClaude Michel1738–1814 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Artists0.45
  74. 74Pierre LerouxPierre Leroux1797–1871 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.44
  75. 75Charles NodierCharles Nodier1780–1844 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.43
  76. 76Maine de BiranMaine de Biran1766–1824 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.43
  77. 77Lucien BonaparteLucien Bonaparte1775–1840 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.42
  78. 78Casimir DelavigneCasimir Delavigne1793–1843 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.42
  79. 79Charles, Count of SoissonsCharles, Count of Soissons1566–1612 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France0.40
  80. 80Louis RacineLouis Racine1692–1763 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.40
  81. 81Vincent of BeauvaisVincent of Beauvais1190–1264 · 13th century · Educators0.40
  82. 82Jean GoujonJean Goujon1510–1567 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Architects0.39
  83. 83Pope Urban VPope Urban V1310–1370 · 14th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures0.39
  84. 84Thomas CorneilleThomas Corneille1625–1709 · 17th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.38
  85. 85Horace VernetHorace Vernet1789–1863 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Artists0.38
  86. 86Gaston ParisGaston Paris1839–1903 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.37
  87. 87Antoine of NavarreAntoine of Navarre1518–1562 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.36
  88. 88Félix FaureFélix Faure1841–1899 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.36
  89. 89Jacques ClémentJacques Clément1567–1589 · 16th century · 🇫🇷 France0.36
  90. 90Antoine Quentin Fouquier-TinvilleAntoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville1746–1795 · 18th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.36
  91. 91Pope Clement IVPope Clement IV1190–1268 · 13th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures0.35
  92. 92Pope Gregory XIPope Gregory XI1329–1378 · 14th century · 🇫🇷 France · Religious Figures0.35
  93. 93Charles DupinCharles Dupin1784–1873 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.35
  94. 94Napoléon, Prince ImperialNapoléon, Prince Imperial1856–1879 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.34
  95. 95Napoleon IINapoleon II1811–1832 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Designers0.33
  96. 96John of Luxembourg, Lord of BeauvoirJohn of Luxembourg, Lord of Beauvoir1370–1397 · 14th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.33
  97. 97Alfred de VignyAlfred de Vigny1797–1863 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Writers0.33
  98. 98Prince Philippe, Count of ParisPrince Philippe, Count of Paris1838–1894 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Politicians0.32
  99. 99Blanche of CastileBlanche of Castile1188–1252 · 13th century · 🇪🇸 Spain · Historical Figures0.32
  100. 100Camille JordanCamille Jordan1838–1922 · 19th century · 🇫🇷 France · Academics0.32

Lived then

The most notable people whose working lives fell in the 19th century, ranked where Wikipedia coverage and readership agree.

CountryAll🇺🇸 United States🇫🇷 France🇩🇪 Germany🇬🇧 United Kingdom🇮🇹 Italy🇪🇸 Spain🇯🇵 Japan🇦🇹 Austria🇹🇷 Turkey🇸🇪 Sweden
FieldAllPoliticiansWritersHistorical FiguresScientistsAcademicsArtistsMusiciansDoctorsFoundersJournalists
  1. 1HiroshigeHiroshige1797–1858 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  2. 2Tokugawa YoshinobuTokugawa Yoshinobu1837–1913 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artists0 decades
  3. 3Utagawa KuniyoshiUtagawa Kuniyoshi1798–1861 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artists0 decades
  4. 4YoshitoshiYoshitoshi1839–1892 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  5. 5Utagawa KunisadaUtagawa Kunisada1786–1865 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artists0 decades
  6. 6Keisai EisenKeisai Eisen1790–1848 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  7. 7Kawanabe KyōsaiKawanabe Kyōsai1831–1889 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  8. 8Katsushika ŌiKatsushika Ōi1800–1866 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  9. 9Toyohara ChikanobuToyohara Chikanobu1838–1912 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  10. 10Utagawa Toyokuni IUtagawa Toyokuni I1769–1825 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  11. 11Hashimoto GahōHashimoto Gahō1835–1908 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  12. 12Kikuchi YōsaiKikuchi Yōsai1788–1878 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  13. 13Kobayashi KiyochikaKobayashi Kiyochika1847–1915 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  14. 14Watanabe KazanWatanabe Kazan1793–1841 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  15. 15Kanō HōgaiKanō Hōgai1828–1888 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  16. 16Tomioka TessaiTomioka Tessai1837–1924 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  17. 17Takeuchi SeihōTakeuchi Seihō1864–1942 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  18. 18Kusakabe KimbeiKusakabe Kimbei1841–1932 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  19. 19Utagawa YoshiikuUtagawa Yoshiiku1833–1904 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  20. 20Ōtagaki RengetsuŌtagaki Rengetsu1791–1875 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  21. 21Matsuura TakeshirōMatsuura Takeshirō1818–1888 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  22. 22Asai ChūAsai Chū1856–1907 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  23. 23Kiyohara TamaKiyohara Tama1861–1939 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  24. 24Utagawa Hiroshige IIUtagawa Hiroshige II1826–1869 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  25. 25Ogata GekkōOgata Gekkō1859–1920 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  26. 26Toyohara KunichikaToyohara Kunichika1835–1900 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  27. 27Ueno HikomaUeno Hikoma1838–1904 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  28. 28Kobayashi EitakuKobayashi Eitaku1843–1890 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  29. 29Tanomura ChikudenTanomura Chikuden1777–1835 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  30. 30SKSuzuki Kiitsu1796–1858 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  31. 31Uchida KuichiUchida Kuichi1844–1875 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  32. 32Utagawa YoshitoraUtagawa Yoshitora1836–1880 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  33. 33Yanagawa ShigenobuYanagawa Shigenobu1787–1832 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  34. 34Rin YamashitaRin Yamashita1857–1939 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  35. 35Kōno BaireiKōno Bairei1844–1895 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  36. 36Matsumoto JunMatsumoto Jun1832–1907 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  37. 37Shibata ZeshinShibata Zeshin1807–1891 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  38. 38HokkeiHokkei1780–1850 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  39. 39Ogawa KazumasaOgawa Kazumasa1860–1929 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  40. 40Utagawa ToyohiroUtagawa Toyohiro1773–1828 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  41. 41Kikukawa EizanKikukawa Eizan1787–1867 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  42. 42Yashima GakuteiYashima Gakutei1786–1868 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  43. 43Utagawa YoshitsuyaUtagawa Yoshitsuya1822–1866 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  44. 44HIHiroshige III1842–1894 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  45. 45Shimooka RenjōShimooka Renjō1823–1914 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  46. 46Kawahara KeigaKawahara Keiga1786–1862 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  47. 47Hōsui YamamotoHōsui Yamamoto1850–1906 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  48. 48Utagawa Kunisada IIUtagawa Kunisada II1823–1880 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  49. 49Utagawa KunimasaUtagawa Kunimasa1773–1810 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  50. 50Koyama ShōtarōKoyama Shōtarō1857–1916 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  51. 51Ichiki ShirōIchiki Shirō1829–1903 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  52. 52Harada NaojirōHarada Naojirō1863–1899 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  53. 53Kawamura KiyooKawamura Kiyoo1852–1934 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  54. 54Aoki MokubeiAoki Mokubei1767–1833 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  55. 55Adachi GinkōAdachi Ginkō1853–1908 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  56. 56Utagawa SadahideUtagawa Sadahide1807–1873 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  57. 57Matsusaburō YokoyamaMatsusaburō Yokoyama1838–1884 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  58. 58Ema SaikōEma Saikō1787–1861 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  59. 59Suzuki Shin'ichi ISuzuki Shin'ichi I1835–1918 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  60. 60Toshihide MigitaToshihide Migita1862–1925 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  61. 61Shima RyūShima Ryū1823–1900 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  62. 62KuniyasuKuniyasu1794–1832 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  63. 63EREsaki Reiji1845–1910 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  64. 64Shima KakokuShima Kakoku1827–1870 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  65. 65Tomishige RiheiTomishige Rihei1837–1922 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  66. 66Watanabe ShōteiWatanabe Shōtei1852–1918 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  67. 67Tamoto KenzōTamoto Kenzō1832–1912 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  68. 68Juan José de Jesús YasJuan José de Jesús Yas1846–1917 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  69. 69Tsubaki ChinzanTsubaki Chinzan1801–1854 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  70. 70Konishi HirosadaKonishi Hirosada1810–1864 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  71. 71Ukai GyokusenUkai Gyokusen1807–1887 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  72. 72Ōno BenkichiŌno Benkichi1801–1870 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  73. 73YBYamamoto Baiitsu1783–1856 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  74. 74Utagawa Kunisada IIIUtagawa Kunisada III1848–1920 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  75. 75Utagawa Toyokuni IIUtagawa Toyokuni II1777–1835 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  76. 76Chikutō NakabayashiChikutō Nakabayashi1776–1853 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  77. 77OHOkada Hanko1782–1846 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  78. 78Utagawa YoshitakiUtagawa Yoshitaki1841–1899 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  79. 79T. EnamiT. Enami1859–1929 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  80. 80KOKokusai Ozaki1835–1894 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  81. 81Tamamura KōzaburōTamamura Kōzaburō1856–1923 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  82. 82Torii KiyoshigeTorii Kiyoshige1800–1800 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  83. 83Nakajima MatsuchiNakajima Matsuchi1850–1938 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  84. 84Horie KuwajirōHorie Kuwajirō1831–1866 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  85. 85TSTani Shunei1772–1832 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—
  86. 86TKTani Kōran1780–1833 · 🇯🇵 Japan · Artistsnot measured—

How this is measured

  • Placing people in time. Each person belongs to the century in which they were most active — around age 35, and never after their death.
  • Who ranks highest. Within a century, people are ranked where two independent signals agree: how many of the world’s Wikipedia language editions cover them, and how many people actually read about them. Article counts alone can be lifted by a person’s own circle; readers cannot.
  • Fame in print. The curves count how often a name appears in Google Books from 1800 to 2019, as a share of all the words printed each year, in the person’s own language wherever that corpus exists. Those decades are over, so each measurement is made once and kept.
  • What is left out. A lifetime is measured only from 1820, when there is enough print to judge; the five years after a death are skipped as obituaries; and a name shared with someone equally notable is credited to neither.