King of Spain from 1759 to 1788
A Bourbon king who spent half his life ruling Italy before inheriting the Spanish throne at 43, then remaking the empire with cold Enlightenment efficiency — pushing out the Jesuits, tightening colonial control, and backing American rebels against Britain while his own ministers quietly debated whether to let the overseas territories go.
Born the fourth son of Philip V in 1716, Charles inherited the Duchy of Parma at 15, then at 18 led a nearly bloodless march down Italy to seize Naples and Sicily, where he ruled for 25 years and married Maria Amalia of Saxony, fathering 13 children. When his half-brother Ferdinand VI died childless in 1759, Charles took the Spanish crown and spent three decades applying what he'd learned: he modernized agriculture, strengthened the military, expelled the Jesuits, stripped American-born Spaniards of high office, and centralized control over the Church and colonies through new viceroyalties and…
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