King of Spain (1784–1833) (r. 1808; 1813–1833)
A Spanish king who went from beloved to reviled in a single reign. Ferdinand VII dismantled liberal reforms, crushed the press, and clung to absolutism while his empire collapsed — earning the nickname "the Criminal King" from the same people who once called him "the Desired."
Born in Madrid on 14 October 1784, Ferdinand was heir apparent before seizing the throne in the 1808 Tumult of Aranjuez. Napoleon overthrew him that same year, but he returned to power in December 1813 and immediately re-established absolutist rule, rejecting the liberal constitution of 1812. The 1820 revolt led by Rafael del Riego forced him to restore the constitution for three years — the Liberal Triennium — until the Congress of Verona authorized a French intervention in 1823 that handed him absolute power again. He spent two decades suppressing the liberal press, jailing editors and write…
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