Queen of Spain from 1833 to 1868
Spain's only queen regnant, her throne contested from infancy by an uncle who refused to recognize female rule, then lost thirty-five years later when her own generals turned and forced her into French exile.
Isabella inherited the Spanish crown a month before her third birthday in 1833 after her father Ferdinand VII issued the Pragmatic Sanction to overturn male-only succession. Her uncle Carlos rejected a female sovereign outright, triggering the Carlist Wars that shadowed her childhood regency. She took personal rule at thirteen in 1843, presiding over a constitutional monarchy riddled with palace intrigue, military coups, and barracks conspiracies. Her marriage to Francisco de Asís was miserable, her rumored affairs a persistent scandal. In September 1868 a naval mutiny in Cádiz sparked the Glo…
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