1800–1899
The 19th century
Whose names filled the books of the 19th century — anyone at all, however long dead — counted as mentions per million words printed, so a period that simply published more does not inflate anyone.
Talked about then
Whose names appeared most in Chinese books during the 19th century — whenever they lived.
In books written inEnglish18,114German3,599French3,347Italian1,787Spanish1,162Russian325Hebrew105Chinese9
#PersonIn print, 1800–2019Per million words
- 1
Zhu Xi1130–1200 · 12th century · 🇨🇳 China · Writers870 - 2
Li Hongzhang1823–1901 · 19th century · 🇨🇳 China · Politicians149 - 3
Zhang Zhidong1837–1909 · 19th century · Politicians86 - 4
Zuo Zongtang1812–1885 · 19th century · 🇨🇳 China · Politicians43 - 5
Ban Gu32–92 · 1st century · Writers40 - 6
Ge Hong284–364 · 4th century · Academics40 - 7CSChen Shou233–297 · 3rd century · Writers14
- 8
Mao Zedong1893–1976 · 20th century · 🇨🇳 China · Politicians12 - 9
Lu Xun1881–1936 · 20th century · 🇨🇳 China · Writers11
Lived then
The most notable people whose working lives fell in the 19th century, ranked where Wikipedia coverage and readership agree.
#PersonIn print, 1800–2019Echoed
- 1
Robert Koch1843–1910 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctors14 decades - 2
Alois Alzheimer1864–1915 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctors3 decades - 3
Theodor Schwann1810–1882 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctors16 decades - 4
Richard von Krafft-Ebing1840–1902 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctors4 decades - 5
Karl Theodor, Duke in Bavaria1839–1909 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctors3 decades - 6
Franz Oppenheimer1864–1943 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctors13 decades - 7
Ernst Heinrich Weber1795–1878 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctors15 decades - 8
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Wilhelm Fliess1858–1928 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 9
Friedrich Joseph Haass1780–1853 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 10
Abraham Jacobi1830–1919 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 11
August Bier1861–1949 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 12
Jan Mikulicz-Radecki1850–1905 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 13
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Oskar Minkowski1858–1931 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 14WWWilhelm Weinberg1862–1937 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured—
- 15
Friedrich Trendelenburg1844–1924 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 16
Theodor Bilharz1825–1862 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 17
Albert von Schrenck-Notzing1862–1929 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 18
Wilhelm His1863–1934 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 19
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Wilhelm Heinrich Erb1840–1921 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 20
Franz Gerhard Wegeler1765–1848 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 21
Hermann von Ihering1850–1930 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 22
Emanuel Felke1856–1926 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 23
Julius Friedrich Cohnheim1839–1884 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 24
Hermann Oppenheim1857–1919 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 25
Ernst Ludwig Alfred Hegar1830–1914 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 26
Max Nonne1861–1959 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 27
Julius Roger1819–1865 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 28
Georg Theodor August Gaffky1850–1918 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 29
Gustav Killian1860–1921 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 30
Eduard Arnold Martin1809–1875 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 31
Vincenz Czerny1842–1916 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 32
Charlotte von Siebold1788–1859 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 33
Elisabeth Winterhalter1856–1952 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 34
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Franziska Tiburtius1843–1927 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 35
Wilhelm Heinrich Friedrich Molly1838–1919 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 36
Emil Pfeiffer1846–1921 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 37
Justus Friedrich Carl Hecker1795–1850 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 38
Adolf Just1859–1936 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 39
Georg Anton Schäffer1779–1836 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 40
Carl Siegmund Franz Credé1819–1892 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 41
Hermann Brehmer1826–1889 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 42
Gustav Fritsch1838–1927 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 43
Hugo Liepmann1863–1925 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 44
Erich Paulun1862–1909 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 45CSCurt Schimmelbusch1860–1895 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured—
- 46
Eduard Heinrich Henoch1820–1910 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 47
Ludwig Rehn1849–1930 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 48
Wilhelm Heinrich Schüßler1821–1898 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 49
Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert1796–1870 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 50
Karl Ewald Hasse1810–1902 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 51
Ernst Schweninger1850–1924 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 52
Hans Kehr1862–1916 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 53
Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels1821–1891 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 54
Friedrich Julius Rosenbach1842–1923 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 55
Karl Thiersch1822–1895 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 56
Paul Grawitz1850–1932 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 57
James Israel1848–1926 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 58
Otto Wilhelm Madelung1846–1926 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 59
Victor von Bruns1812–1883 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 60CFCarl Friedländer1847–1887 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured—
- 61
Georg Kloss1787–1854 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 62
Christian Georg Schmorl1861–1932 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 63
Robert Christian Avé-Lallemant1812–1884 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 64KFKarl Friedrich Canstatt1807–1850 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured—
- 65JVJohannes von Kries1853–1928 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured—
- 66
Bernhard Moritz Carl Ludwig Riedel1846–1916 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 67
Antoni Jurasz1847–1923 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 68
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Heinrich Braun1862–1934 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 69FAFriedrich August Carus1770–1807 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured—
- 70
Max Linde1862–1940 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 71
Friedrich Bezold1842–1908 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 72
Heinrich Lahmann1860–1905 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 73
Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen1829–1902 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 74
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Carl Anton Ewald1845–1915 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 75
Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser1853–1931 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 76
Rudolf Böhm1844–1926 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 77
Georg Ledderhose1855–1925 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 78
Paul Frosch1860–1928 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 79
Johannes Fabry1860–1930 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 80
Carl Langenbuch1846–1901 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 81
Karl Heinrich August Burow1809–1874 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 82
Dietrich Georg von Kieser1779–1862 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 83
Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudichum1829–1901 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 84
Wilhelm Olivier Leube1842–1922 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 85
Otto Funke1828–1879 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 86AWAdolf Wallenberg1862–1949 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured—
- 87
Otto Gottlieb Mohnike1814–1887 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 88
Wilhelm Baum1799–1883 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 89
Arnold Pagenstecher1837–1913 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 90
Otto Bollinger1843–1909 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 91
Hermann David Weber1823–1918 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 92KTKarl Theodor Menke1791–1861 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured—
- 93
Adam Elias von Siebold1775–1828 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 94HKHermann Krukenberg1863–1935 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured—
- 95
Heinrich Adolf Rinne1819–1868 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 96
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Karl Otto Weber1827–1867 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 97
Oskar Lassar1849–1907 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 98
Carl Wigand Maximilian Jacobi1775–1858 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 99
Felix von Niemeyer1820–1871 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured— - 100
Morris Simmonds1855–1925 · 🇩🇪 Germany · Doctorsnot measured—
How this is measured
- Placing people in time. Each person belongs to the century in which they were most active — around age 35, and never after their death.
- Who ranks highest. Within a century, people are ranked where two independent signals agree: how many of the world’s Wikipedia language editions cover them, and how many people actually read about them. Article counts alone can be lifted by a person’s own circle; readers cannot.
- Fame in print. The curves count how often a name appears in Google Books from 1800 to 2019, as a share of all the words printed each year, in the person’s own language wherever that corpus exists. Those decades are over, so each measurement is made once and kept.
- What is left out. A lifetime is measured only from 1820, when there is enough print to judge; the five years after a death are skipped as obituaries; and a name shared with someone equally notable is credited to neither.