Claim profile
1800–1899

The 19th century

Whose names filled the books of the 19th century — anyone at all, however long dead — counted as mentions per million words printed, so a period that simply published more does not inflate anyone.

Talked about then

Whose names appeared most in Russian books during the 19th century — whenever they lived.

In books written inEnglish18,114German3,599French3,347Italian1,787Spanish1,162Russian325Hebrew105Chinese9
  1. 1Patriarch Nikon of MoscowPatriarch Nikon of Moscow1605–1681 · 17th century · Religious Figures6.7
  2. 2Macarius, Metropolitan of MoscowMacarius, Metropolitan of Moscow1482–1563 · 16th century · Writers3.1
  3. 3Nikolai RezanovNikolai Rezanov1764–1807 · 18th century · Historical Figures1.3
  4. 4Boris GodunovBoris Godunov1552–1605 · 16th century · Politicians0.99
  5. 5Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of RussiaGrand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia1859–1919 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.94
  6. 6Patriarch JoachimPatriarch Joachim1621–1690 · 17th century0.86
  7. 7Vasili IV of RussiaVasili IV of Russia1552–1612 · 16th century · Historical Figures0.86
  8. 8Nikolay KaramzinNikolay Karamzin1766–1826 · 19th century · Writers0.85
  9. 9Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of RussiaNicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia1843–1865 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.83
  10. 10Anna of RussiaAnna of Russia1693–1740 · 18th century · Politicians0.82
  11. 11Nikolay SemyonovNikolay Semyonov1896–1986 · 20th century · Scientists0.75
  12. 12Ivan I of TverIvan I of Tver1357–1425 · 14th century · Historical Figures0.66
  13. 13Avraamy PalitsynAvraamy Palitsyn1550–1626 · 16th century · Writers0.64
  14. 14Ivan I Aleksandrovich, Prince of SmolenskIvan I Aleksandrovich, Prince of Smolenskdied 1359 · 14th century0.62
  15. 15Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of RussiaGrand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia1779–1831 · 19th century · Politicians0.62
  16. 16Elizabeth of RussiaElizabeth of Russia1709–1761 · 18th century · Historical Figures0.58
  17. 17Alexandra VelyaminovaAlexandra Velyaminova1301–1364 · 14th century0.57
  18. 18Peter the GreatPeter the Great1672–1725 · 18th century · Politicians0.53
  19. 19Maximus the GreekMaximus the Greek1475–1556 · 16th century · Writers0.53
  20. 20Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of RussiaGrand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia1783–1801 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.43
  21. 21Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of RussiaGrand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia1864–1931 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.42
  22. 22Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of RussiaGrand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia1832–1909 · 19th century · Politicians0.42
  23. 23Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of RussiaGrand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia1895–1918 · 20th century · Historical Figures0.39
  24. 24Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of RussiaGrand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia1827–1892 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.39
  25. 25Grigory OrlovGrigory Orlov1734–1783 · 18th century · Historical Figures0.38
  26. 26Alexander I of RussiaAlexander I of Russia1777–1825 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.36
  27. 27Leo TolstoyLeo Tolstoy1828–1910 · 19th century · Writers0.35
  28. 28Alexander BestuzhevAlexander Bestuzhev1797–1837 · 19th century · Writers0.34
  29. 29Ivan the TerribleIvan the Terrible1530–1584 · 16th century · Politicians0.33
  30. 30Pyotr PaninPyotr Panin1721–1789 · 18th century0.33
  31. 31Ippolit BogdanovichIppolit Bogdanovich1743–1803 · 18th century · Writers0.33
  32. 32Peter III of RussiaPeter III of Russia1728–1762 · 18th century · 🇩🇪 Germany · Historical Figures0.31
  33. 33Stefan YavorskyStefan Yavorsky1658–1722 · 17th century · Academics0.30
  34. 34Grigory PotemkinGrigory Potemkin1739–1791 · 18th century · Politicians0.30
  35. 35Boris of TverBoris of Tver1400–1461 · 15th century0.29
  36. 36Ivan MazepaIvan Mazepa1639–1709 · 17th century · Politicians0.29
  37. 37Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of RussiaGrand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia1899–1918 · 20th century · Historical Figures0.29
  38. 38Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of RussiaGrand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia1850–1908 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.29
  39. 39Vasily Vasilyevich GolitsynVasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn1643–1714 · 17th century · Politicians0.28
  40. 40Paul I of RussiaPaul I of Russia1754–1801 · 18th century · Historical Figures0.28
  41. 41Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of RussiaGrand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia1860–1919 · 19th century · Politicians0.28
  42. 42Ivan Ivanovich ShuvalovIvan Ivanovich Shuvalov1727–1797 · 18th century · Writers0.28
  43. 43Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of RussiaAlexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia1690–1718 · 18th century · Politicians0.27
  44. 44Nicholas I of RussiaNicholas I of Russia1796–1855 · 19th century · Models0.26
  45. 45Alexander PushkinAlexander Pushkin1799–1837 · 19th century · Writers0.26
  46. 46Dimitry of RostovDimitry of Rostov1651–1709 · 17th century · Writers0.26
  47. 47Alexander GriboyedovAlexander Griboyedov1795–1829 · 19th century · Politicians0.25
  48. 48Alexander HerzenAlexander Herzen1812–1870 · 19th century · 🇨🇭 Switzerland · Writers0.24
  49. 49Vissarion BelinskyVissarion Belinsky1811–1848 · 19th century · Academics0.23
  50. 50Konstantin AksakovKonstantin Aksakov1817–1860 · 19th century · Writers0.23
  51. 51Nikita PaninNikita Panin1718–1783 · 18th century · Politicians0.22
  52. 52Symeon of PolotskSymeon of Polotsk1629–1680 · 17th century · Writers0.21
  53. 53Aleksei Musin-PushkinAleksei Musin-Pushkin1744–1817 · 18th century · Writers0.21
  54. 54Alexis of RussiaAlexis of Russia1629–1676 · 17th century · Historical Figures0.21
  55. 55Xenia ShestovaXenia Shestova1560–1631 · 16th century0.20
  56. 56Mikhail LermontovMikhail Lermontov1814–1841 · 19th century · Writers0.19
  57. 57Olga Nikolaevna of RussiaOlga Nikolaevna of Russia1822–1892 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.19
  58. 58Pavel FedotovPavel Fedotov1815–1852 · 19th century · Artists0.19
  59. 59Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of RussiaGrand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia1858–1915 · 19th century · Writers0.19
  60. 60Dmitry ShuiskyDmitry Shuisky1560–1612 · 16th century0.19
  61. 61Nikolay Alexandrovich LvovNikolay Alexandrovich Lvov1753–1803 · 18th century · Academics0.18
  62. 62Alexey VenetsianovAlexey Venetsianov1780–1847 · 19th century · Artists0.18
  63. 63Catherine Pavlovna of RussiaCatherine Pavlovna of Russia1788–1819 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.18
  64. 64Fyodor AlekseyevFyodor Alekseyev1755–1824 · 18th century · Artists0.18
  65. 65Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of RussiaGrand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia1825–1844 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.17
  66. 66Konstantin BatyushkovKonstantin Batyushkov1787–1855 · 19th century · Writers0.15
  67. 67Mykhailo MaksymovychMykhailo Maksymovych1804–1873 · 19th century · Writers0.15
  68. 68Nicholas RepninNicholas Repnin1734–1801 · 18th century · Writers0.15
  69. 69Kirill RazumovskyKirill Razumovsky1728–1803 · 18th century · Politicians0.14
  70. 70Natalya Alexeevna of RussiaNatalya Alexeevna of Russia1673–1716 · 18th century · Writers0.14
  71. 71Grand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna of RussiaGrand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna of Russia1714–1728 · 18th century0.14
  72. 72Nikolai LeskovNikolai Leskov1831–1895 · 19th century · Writers0.13
  73. 73Aleksei Fedorovich AdashevAleksei Fedorovich Adashev1510–1561 · 16th century · Politicians0.13
  74. 74Alexander ShishkovAlexander Shishkov1754–1841 · 18th century · Writers0.13
  75. 75Joseph VolotskyJoseph Volotsky1440–1515 · 15th century · Writers0.12
  76. 76Alexander MenshikovAlexander Menshikov1673–1729 · 18th century · Politicians0.12
  77. 77Nikolay DobrolyubovNikolay Dobrolyubov1836–1861 · 19th century · Academics0.11
  78. 78Ivan the YoungIvan the Young1458–1490 · 15th century · Historical Figures0.11
  79. 79Konstantin of UglichKonstantin of Uglich1389–1434 · 15th century0.11
  80. 80Dmitry PozharskyDmitry Pozharsky1577–1642 · 17th century · Politicians0.11
  81. 81Gleb UspenskyGleb Uspensky1843–1902 · 19th century · Writers0.10
  82. 82Pyotr Andreyevich TolstoyPyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy1645–1729 · 17th century · Writers0.10
  83. 83Alexander SuvorovAlexander Suvorov1730–1800 · 18th century0.10
  84. 84Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of RussiaGrand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia1871–1899 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.10
  85. 85Alexander IvanovAlexander Ivanov1806–1858 · 19th century · Artists0.10
  86. 86Ivan KrylovIvan Krylov1769–1844 · 19th century · Writers0.09
  87. 87Ivan DmitrievIvan Dmitriev1760–1837 · 18th century · Writers0.09
  88. 88Alexander Sergeyevich MenshikovAlexander Sergeyevich Menshikov1787–1869 · 19th century · Politicians0.09
  89. 89Mikhail of TverMikhail of Tver1271–1318 · 14th century · Politicians0.08
  90. 90Peter Ivanovich ShuvalovPeter Ivanovich Shuvalov1711–1762 · 18th century · Politicians0.08
  91. 91Maxim GorkyMaxim Gorky1868–1936 · 20th century · Writers0.08
  92. 92Vladimir OdoevskyVladimir Odoevsky1803–1869 · 19th century · Writers0.08
  93. 93Oleg I of ChernigovOleg I of Chernigov1052–1115 · 11th century · Historical Figures0.08
  94. 94Mikhail VorontsovMikhail Vorontsov1782–1856 · 19th century · Politicians0.08
  95. 95Faddey BulgarinFaddey Bulgarin1789–1859 · 19th century · Writers0.08
  96. 96Tikhon of ZadonskTikhon of Zadonsk1724–1783 · 18th century · Religious Figures0.08
  97. 97Konstantin of RostovKonstantin of Rostov1185–1218 · 13th century · Politicians0.08
  98. 98Peter II of RussiaPeter II of Russia1715–1730 · 18th century · Politicians0.08
  99. 99Kirill II of KyivKirill II of Kyiv1250–1280 · 13th century0.08
  100. 100Alexander II of RussiaAlexander II of Russia1818–1881 · 19th century · Historical Figures0.08

Lived then

The most notable people whose working lives fell in the 19th century, ranked where Wikipedia coverage and readership agree.

CountryAll🇺🇸 United States🇫🇷 France🇩🇪 Germany🇬🇧 United Kingdom🇮🇹 Italy🇪🇸 Spain🇯🇵 Japan🇦🇹 Austria🇹🇷 Turkey🇸🇪 Sweden
FieldAllPoliticiansWritersHistorical FiguresScientistsAcademicsArtistsMusiciansDoctorsFoundersJournalists
  1. 1Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe1809–1849 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers17 decades
  2. 2Mark TwainMark Twain1835–1910 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers16 decades
  3. 3Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau1817–1862 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers13 decades
  4. 4Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman1821–1913 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers9 decades
  5. 5Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinson1830–1886 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers13 decades
  6. 6Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman1819–1892 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers17 decades
  7. 7Herman MelvilleHerman Melville1819–1891 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers18 decades
  8. 8Henry JamesHenry James1843–1916 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers18 decades
  9. 9Louisa May AlcottLouisa May Alcott1832–1888 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers14 decades
  10. 10Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass1818–1895 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers18 decades
  11. 11Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne1804–1864 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers19 decades
  12. 12Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe1811–1896 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers17 decades
  13. 13James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper1789–1851 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers18 decades
  14. 14Edith WhartonEdith Wharton1862–1937 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers13 decades
  15. 15Washington IrvingWashington Irving1783–1859 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers22 decades
  16. 16Henry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth Longfellow1807–1882 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers18 decades
  17. 17Buffalo BillBuffalo Bill1846–1917 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers15 decades
  18. 18Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony1820–1906 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers16 decades
  19. 19L. Frank BaumL. Frank Baum1856–1919 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers8 decades
  20. 20Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth1797–1883 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers13 decades
  21. 21William Tecumseh ShermanWilliam Tecumseh Sherman1820–1891 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers14 decades
  22. 22Frances Hodgson BurnettFrances Hodgson Burnett1849–1924 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers15 decades
  23. 23O. HenryO. Henry1862–1910 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers14 decades
  24. 24Ellen G. WhiteEllen G. White1827–1915 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers6 decades
  25. 25Charles Taze RussellCharles Taze Russell1852–1916 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers0 decades
  26. 26Charlotte Perkins GilmanCharlotte Perkins Gilman1860–1935 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers9 decades
  27. 27Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton1815–1902 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers15 decades
  28. 28Kate ChopinKate Chopin1850–1904 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers8 decades
  29. 29Mary Baker EddyMary Baker Eddy1821–1910 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers13 decades
  30. 30Margaret FullerMargaret Fuller1810–1850 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers18 decades
  31. 31Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.1809–1894 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers19 decades
  32. 32Clara BartonClara Barton1821–1912 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers15 decades
  33. 33Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key1779–1843 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers14 decades
  34. 34Alfred Thayer MaanAlfred Thayer Maan1840–1914 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writersnot measured—
  35. 35Albert PikeAlbert Pike1809–1891 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers18 decades
  36. 36Jeanette JeromeJeanette Jerome1854–1921 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers0 decades
  37. 37Louisa AdamsLouisa Adams1775–1852 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers0 decades
  38. 38Julia Ward HoweJulia Ward Howe1819–1910 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers16 decades
  39. 39Elbert Green HubbardElbert Green Hubbard1856–1915 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers0 decades
  40. 40Charles J. GuiteauCharles J. Guiteau1841–1882 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers1 decades
  41. 41Emma LazarusEmma Lazarus1849–1887 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers15 decades
  42. 42Elizabeth Ann SetonElizabeth Ann Seton1774–1821 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers2 decades
  43. 43Ernest Thompson SetonErnest Thompson Seton1860–1946 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers12 decades
  44. 44Lucretia MottLucretia Mott1793–1880 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers18 decades
  45. 45Dolley MadisonDolley Madison1768–1849 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers7 decades
  46. 46Thomas Mayne ReidThomas Mayne Reid1818–1883 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers0 decades
  47. 47Bret HarteBret Harte1836–1902 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers16 decades
  48. 48Dorothea DixDorothea Dix1802–1887 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers13 decades
  49. 49Horatio AlgerHoratio Alger1832–1899 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers16 decades
  50. 50A. E. WaiteA. E. Waite1857–1942 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers2 decades
  51. 51Carrie NationCarrie Nation1846–1911 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers8 decades
  52. 52George DeweyGeorge Dewey1837–1917 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers15 decades
  53. 53John Greenleaf WhittierJohn Greenleaf Whittier1807–1892 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers16 decades
  54. 54Harriet JacobsHarriet Jacobs1815–1897 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers3 decades
  55. 55William Cullen BryantWilliam Cullen Bryant1794–1878 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers20 decades
  56. 56James Russell LowellJames Russell Lowell1819–1891 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers18 decades
  57. 57Allan PinkertonAllan Pinkerton1819–1884 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers13 decades
  58. 58Edward BellamyEdward Bellamy1850–1898 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers16 decades
  59. 59Virginia Eliza Clemm PoeVirginia Eliza Clemm Poe1822–1847 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writersnot measured—
  60. 60Frederick Jackson TurnerFrederick Jackson Turner1861–1932 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers12 decades
  61. 61Henry Steel OlcottHenry Steel Olcott1832–1907 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers0 decades
  62. 62Joshua SlocumJoshua Slocum1844–1909 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers6 decades
  63. 63Charles Grandison FinneyCharles Grandison Finney1792–1875 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers5 decades
  64. 64Oliver Otis HowardOliver Otis Howard1830–1909 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers4 decades
  65. 65Sylvester GrahamSylvester Graham1794–1851 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers8 decades
  66. 66Juliette Gordon LowJuliette Gordon Low1860–1927 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers0 decades
  67. 67Katharine Lee BatesKatharine Lee Bates1859–1929 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers6 decades
  68. 68William Dean HowellsWilliam Dean Howells1837–1920 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers14 decades
  69. 69Mirabeau B. LamarMirabeau B. Lamar1798–1859 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers6 decades
  70. 70Archibald Gracie IVArchibald Gracie IV1859–1912 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writersnot measured—
  71. 71William Hickling PrescottWilliam Hickling Prescott1796–1859 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers8 decades
  72. 72Frederick Russell BurnhamFrederick Russell Burnham1861–1947 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers0 decades
  73. 73Anna J. CooperAnna J. Cooper1858–1964 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers0 decades
  74. 74Naftali Herz ImberNaftali Herz Imber1856–1909 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers0 decades
  75. 75Wilhelm WeitlingWilhelm Weitling1808–1871 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers14 decades
  76. 76Varina DavisVarina Davis1826–1906 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writersnot measured—
  77. 77Henrietta SzoldHenrietta Szold1860–1945 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers11 decades
  78. 78Lydia Maria ChildLydia Maria Child1802–1880 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers16 decades
  79. 79Ella Wheeler WilcoxElla Wheeler Wilcox1850–1919 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers13 decades
  80. 80Sarah Josepha HaleSarah Josepha Hale1788–1879 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers7 decades
  81. 81Frances Ellen Watkins HarperFrances Ellen Watkins Harper1825–1911 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers3 decades
  82. 82Andrew Dickson WhiteAndrew Dickson White1832–1918 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers13 decades
  83. 83George Washington WilliamsGeorge Washington Williams1849–1891 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writersnot measured—
  84. 84Frances WillardFrances Willard1839–1898 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers14 decades
  85. 85Sarah GrimkéSarah Grimké1792–1873 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers1 decades
  86. 86Sarah Orne JewettSarah Orne Jewett1849–1909 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers14 decades
  87. 87Henry van DykeHenry van Dyke1852–1933 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers8 decades
  88. 88Caroline IngallsCaroline Ingalls1839–1924 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writersnot measured—
  89. 89Sidney LanierSidney Lanier1842–1881 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers15 decades
  90. 90John BurroughsJohn Burroughs1837–1921 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writersnot measured—
  91. 91Richard Henry DanaRichard Henry Dana1815–1882 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers16 decades
  92. 92William Chester MinorWilliam Chester Minor1834–1920 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writersnot measured—
  93. 93Mary Mapes DodgeMary Mapes Dodge1831–1905 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers10 decades
  94. 94Edward Everett HaleEdward Everett Hale1822–1909 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers16 decades
  95. 95Laura BridgmanLaura Bridgman1829–1889 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writersnot measured—
  96. 96Sarah WinnemuccaSarah Winnemucca1844–1891 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers4 decades
  97. 97Catharine BeecherCatharine Beecher1800–1878 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writersnot measured—
  98. 98William GilletteWilliam Gillette1853–1937 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writersnot measured—
  99. 99Charles Brockden BrownCharles Brockden Brown1771–1810 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers21 decades
  100. 100John Watson FosterJohn Watson Foster1836–1917 · 🇺🇸 United States · Writers0 decades

How this is measured

  • Placing people in time. Each person belongs to the century in which they were most active — around age 35, and never after their death.
  • Who ranks highest. Within a century, people are ranked where two independent signals agree: how many of the world’s Wikipedia language editions cover them, and how many people actually read about them. Article counts alone can be lifted by a person’s own circle; readers cannot.
  • Fame in print. The curves count how often a name appears in Google Books from 1800 to 2019, as a share of all the words printed each year, in the person’s own language wherever that corpus exists. Those decades are over, so each measurement is made once and kept.
  • What is left out. A lifetime is measured only from 1820, when there is enough print to judge; the five years after a death are skipped as obituaries; and a name shared with someone equally notable is credited to neither.