King of France from 1285 to 1314 (1268–1314)
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The king so coldly autocratic his own bishop called him "neither man nor beast" but "a statue." Philip IV crushed the Knights Templar, expelled France's Jews, held a pope hostage, and centralized royal power with such iron will that his house's abrupt collapse triggered the Hundred Years' War.
Philip IV reigned from 1285 to 1314, inheriting Navarre through marriage and wielding handsome looks alongside a personality friend and foe alike deemed rigid as iron. He sidelined nobles and clergy in favor of skilled civil servants like Guillaume de Nogaret, waging wars to strip vassals of feudal privileges and reshape France into a centralized monarchy. His ambitions placed relatives on thrones across Europe while at home he warred with Flanders, suffering humiliation at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302 before ultimately seizing Flemish cities and tribute. Drowning in debt to Jews and…
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If some among them are innocent, it is expedient that they should be assayed like gold in the furnace, and purged by proper judicial examination.
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