Muawiyah I
Founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate (r. 661–680)
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He turned the caliphate into a dynasty. Mu'awiya I fought Muhammad before joining him, then maneuvered through civil war and stalemate to claim the throne in 661, founding the Umayyad line and ending the era when successors were chosen by consensus.
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Mu'awiya and his father had opposed Muhammad until Mecca fell in 630; afterward he became one of the prophet's scribes. Appointed a deputy commander in Syria's conquest, he rose to governor under Caliph Uthman and built power through alliances with local tribes and command of campaigns against Byzantium. When Uthman was assassinated in 656, Mu'awiya refused to recognize Ali's succession and the two fought to a stalemate at Siffin in 657. After Ali's murder in 661, Mu'awiya forced Ali's son Hasan to abdicate and secured control of the caliphate. He established administrative departments, led ne…
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- WikipediaHigh confidencewikipedia · en.wikipedia.org
- WikidataHigh confidencewikidata · wikidata.org
- Pantheon 2.0High confidencedatabase · pantheon.world
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