President of Angola from 1979 to 2017
He held Angola for 38 years — second president, second-longest sit in Africa — steering a Marxist state through civil war, then pivoting to free markets and oil wealth while accusations of corruption shadowed every year in power.
José Eduardo dos Santos joined the MPLA as a student anti-colonial fighter, studied petroleum engineering in the Soviet Union, and rose to Foreign Minister under Angola's first president, Agostinho Neto. When Neto died in 1979, dos Santos inherited the presidency and a grinding civil war against Western-backed UNITA rebels. By 1991 he shifted the MPLA from communism to social democracy and opened the door to multi-party elections; he won in 1992 against UNITA's Jonas Savimbi, then presided over economic liberalisation and the boom in Angola's oil sector. In 1997 he backed the rebel push that t…
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