King of France from 1364 to 1380 (1338–1380)
A medieval king who earned his nickname by outthinking his enemies rather than outfighting them. Charles V inherited a kingdom stripped bare by ransom and revolt, then quietly rebuilt France's treasury, army, and borders while England wasn't looking.
Charles became regent at eighteen when his father John II was captured at Poitiers in 1356. He raised taxes to defend the kingdom and promptly faced three crises at once: a noble revolt led by Charles the Bad of Navarre, bourgeois opposition marshaled through Étienne Marcel and the Estates-General, and a peasant uprising called the Jacquerie. He crushed them all, but freeing his father cost him the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 — vast southwestern territories surrendered to Edward III and a staggering ransom. When he took the throne in 1364, Charles built France's first standing army on regular w…
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