Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Umayyad caliph from 685 to 705
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He took power when the Umayyad Caliphate had shattered into rival claims and spent seventeen years forcing it back together — first by treaty and truce, then by siege and sword. The reunification under Abd al-Malik remade Islamic governance: one currency, one language for the state, and the Dome of the Rock rising in Jerusalem as the first stone monument of
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Born into the first generation to grow up Muslim, Abd al-Malik served in administrative and military roles under the early Umayyad caliphs before inheriting a collapsing realm in April 685. After a failed push into Iraq the next year, he secured Syria through an unfavorable peace with Byzantium in 689, crushed a coup in Damascus, and brought the northern tribes back into the fold. By late 692 his general al-Hajjaj had killed the rival caliph Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca, reuniting the Caliphate. The following years brought renewed war with Byzantium, the destruction of Carthage, the retaking of Kair…
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- WikidataHigh confidencewikidata · wikidata.org
- WikipediaHigh confidencewikipedia · en.wikipedia.org
- Pantheon 2.0High confidencedatabase · pantheon.world
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