Umayyad caliph
The caliph who presided over the Umayyad surge to its farthest edges — armies pushing east into Sind and Transoxiana, west across North Africa into Hispania — and translated the spoils into stone: the Great Mosque of Damascus, the expansions at Mecca and Medina, the first welfare programs for the Arab poor.
Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik was born around 674, eldest son of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik. As a prince he led annual Byzantine raids from 695 to 698 and fortified the desert road to Mecca; he became heir after his uncle's death and took power in October 705. He continued his father's centralizing drive, leaning heavily on al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, the viceroy who oversaw the conquests of Sind and Transoxiana, while in the west Musa ibn Nusayr's forces swept through the Maghreb and into Hispania, bringing the caliphate to its largest span. The flood of war spoils funded monumental building — the…
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