Fourth Umayyad caliph from 684 to 685
He ruled the Umayyad Caliphate for less than a year, but the dynasty he founded held power for another sixty-five. Marwan I seized the throne in 684 amid civil war, crushed his rivals at Marj Rahit, and installed his sons in the positions that would carry his line forward — then died before the conquests finished.
Marwan ibn al-Hakam served as secretary to his cousin, the caliph Uthman, and was wounded defending Uthman's house when rebels stormed it in 656. He survived the assassination and the civil war that followed, eventually becoming governor of Medina under Mu'awiya I, founder of the Umayyad Caliphate. When Mu'awiya's son Yazid died in 683 and the Sufyanid line collapsed, Marwan took refuge in Syria as rivals declared themselves caliph. At a tribal summit in Jabiya in 684, he put himself forward; the Kalb nobility elected him, and together they defeated the opposing Qays tribes at Marj Rahit that…
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