Emperor of Brazil (1822–31) and King of Portugal (1826)
He founded an empire by breaking from his own father's kingdom, then gave up that empire to win back his daughter's stolen throne — dying at thirty-five with two crowns behind him and a continent's political order redrawn.
Born in Lisbon in 1798, Pedro fled to Brazil with the Portuguese royal family when Napoleon's troops arrived in 1807. Left as regent in 1821 after his father returned to face revolution in Portugal, he faced down insubordinate troops and mounting pressure from Lisbon to strip Brazil of its autonomy. On 7 September 1822, he declared independence, becoming Emperor by October and crushing loyalist armies by March 1824. He put down the Confederation of the Equator months later, then plunged into the Cisplatine War when southern rebels tried to break away in 1825. In 1826 he inherited Portugal's th…
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