Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641
He crushed Persia in one of antiquity's great reversals — then watched the new Arab armies tear through everything he'd won. Heraclius saved Byzantium twice: once by beating an empire, once by reforming fast enough that his successors could survive what he could not.
Heraclius and his father led a revolt in 608 against the emperor Phocas, and by 610 he held the throne. He inherited a catastrophic war with Persia: he lost the Battle of Antioch in 613, and the Persians took Syria and Egypt, shrinking the empire to Asia Minor. He rebuilt the military, drove them out, and in 627 smashed them at Nineveh, devastating Mesopotamia; the Persian Shah Khosrow II was overthrown and executed, and his son sued for peace. The empire was exhausted. Then the Arabs came: in 636 they defeated his brother Theodore in Syria and swept through Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Egypt in…
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