King of Denmark and Norway from 1648 to 1670
He turned military humiliation into political revolution. After Sweden marched across frozen seas to his doorstep and forced Denmark to its knees, Frederick III dissolved the elective monarchy that had constrained him and installed absolute rule — the first codified absolutism in Western history.
Born 18 March 1609, the second son of Christian IV, Frederick was never meant to rule until his older brother died in 1647. He inherited a kingdom exhausted by his father's costly wars and was shut out of the Peace of Westphalia negotiations in 1648, forced to watch Sweden take Bremen and stop paying the Øresund Tolls. To secure his election, he made large concessions to the nobility. Then he fought Sweden twice and lost both times — in 1658, Charles X Gustav marched 5,000 men across the frozen Belts to Zealand and cornered an unprepared Frederick into signing the Treaty of Roskilde. That defe…
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