Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
Spanish military tactician and diplomat (1507-1582)
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A general so ruthlessly effective that the Dutch still call him the Iron Duke four centuries later. Alba crushed Protestant armies across Europe for the Habsburgs, then earned eternal infamy by drowning the Netherlands rebellion in tribunals his victims named the Council of Blood.
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Born in 1507 to a Castilian military house, Alba cut his teeth at the 1535 conquest of Tunis against the Ottomans and proved his command at Mühlberg in 1547, where Charles V's forces broke the German Protestant princes. He led Spanish-Habsburg armies through the Italian War of 1551–1559, serving as governor of Milan and viceroy of Naples. In 1567 Philip II sent him to the Netherlands to kill the rebellion: Alba's Council of Troubles condemned thousands, and though he defeated William of Orange's forces repeatedly in the early Eighty Years' War, the revolt wouldn't die. Recalled in disgrace in…
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