Artaxerxes I of Persia

Artaxerxes I was the third son of Xerxes I and became the fifth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire in August 465 BC. Greek sources gave him the surname Makrókheir—Long-handed—claiming his right hand was longer than his left. He held the throne until December 424 BC, a span of over forty years. Josephus and several ancient traditions identified him as King Ahasuerus from the Book of Esther, though the connection remains debated. His reign sat in the long shadow of his father's failed invasion of Greece.