3rd-century Queen of the Palmyrene Empire
A third-century queen who seized most of Rome's eastern provinces — Egypt, Syria, Anatolia — and held them for two years before the empire came to take them back. She declared independence, lost the war, and was marched to Rome in Aurelian's triumph.
Zenobia married Odaenathus, king of Palmyra, who by 260 had made the desert city the dominant power in the Roman East by crushing Persia and stabilizing the frontier. His assassination in 267 left her regent for their young son Vaballathus. In 270 she invaded, sweeping through Syria and annexing Egypt; by mid-271 her realm stretched from central Anatolia to Upper Egypt, still nominally under Rome. When Emperor Aurelian marched east in 272, she broke the fiction and declared her son emperor and herself empress. The Romans won after brutal fighting, besieged Palmyra, and took her captive. Aureli…
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