Xenocrates
4th-century BC Greek philosopher, mathematician and scholarch · Turkey · Academics · Lived 396 BC to 314 BC · aged 82
Xenocrates is read about 80 times a day, in 45 languages.
Counted to 17 September 2026, not since.
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Something wrong?He ran Plato's Academy for a quarter-century and tried to sharpen the master's metaphysics with math - collapsing the gap between Ideas and numbers, populating the cosmos with daemons, and calling the soul a self-moving number.
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Photos 7
Xenocrates
Carl Russ, Xenocrates and Phryne, 1811, NGA 112689
Dessin Xénocrate et le messager d'Alexandre
Sixteen portraits of classical poets and thinkers. Drawing, Wellcome V0009100
Stele of Xenocrates, HAA
Workshop of Giorgio Andreoli - Plate with the School of Xenocrates - Walters 481362
Xenocrates Nuremberg ChronicleAbout this person
Xenocrates of Chalcedon took the helm of the Platonic Academy around 339/8 BC and held it until his death in 314/3. Where Plato had kept mathematical objects and eternal Forms distinct, Xenocrates merged them: the Ideas were numbers, the soul itself a number that moved. He carved reality into three tiers - the sensible world, the intelligible realm, and a hybrid third - each accessed by sense, intellect, or opinion. Unity and duality he named gods ruling the universe; between the divine and mortal he placed daemonical powers, which were really just states of the soul. In ethics he granted that virtue alone produces happiness, but allowed that external goods - health, wealth - could help virtue do its work. He spent twenty-five years trying to give Plato's vision harder edges, and left it stranger.
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