Italian general (1882-1955)
An Italian marshal who built colonial empire through concentration camps and mass reprisal killings in Libya and Ethiopia, then stayed loyal to Mussolini's puppet state when the rest of the regime collapsed.
Rodolfo Graziani rose through the Royal Army as a dedicated fascist, consolidating Italian colonial control across North Africa in the 1920s and 1930s. In Libya he earned the nickname "the butcher of Fezzan" for methods that included hanging resistance leader Omar Mukhtar; in Ethiopia he ordered the Yekatit 12 massacre after surviving an assassination attempt in Addis Ababa in February 1937, a reprisal that killed thousands. His command of Italian North Africa ended in catastrophe during the 1940–41 British offensive, forcing his resignation. When Mussolini's regime fell in 1943, Graziani was…
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