Pope of the Catholic Church from 1523 to 1534 (1478–1534)
A Medici pope who entered office with a statesman's polish and left it having watched Rome sacked, England split from the Church, and the Reformation tear Christendom in two. Clement VII's reign became the textbook case for how personal competence means nothing when the forces are already in motion.
Born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici on 26 May 1478, Clement rose through papal circles as chief advisor to two popes and leader of Florence before his own election on 19 November 1523. He inherited a perfect storm: Luther's Reformation spreading north, the Church near bankruptcy, and Italy crushed between Charles V and Francis I, each demanding the Pope pick a side. His attempt to stay neutral and liberate Italy from foreign occupation collapsed in 1527 when Charles V's troops sacked Rome and imprisoned him in Castel Sant'Angelo. After escaping, Clement allied with the emperor who had destroyed…
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