British-Indian Islamic philosopher, poet and politician (1877-1938)
People connected to Muhammad Iqbal
His Urdu verse shaped a century of poetry, but it was a 1930 address in Allahabad — sketching a political framework for Muslim-majority regions in British India — that set the intellectual groundwork for Pakistan's creation, nearly a decade after his death.
Muhammad Iqbal was born in Sialkot, Punjab, in 1877 and taught Arabic at Oriental College, Lahore, while writing poems like "Tarana-e-Hindi" and an early meditation on animal rights. In 1905 he left for Europe, earning a second BA at Cambridge, qualifying as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn, and completing a PhD in philosophy at Munich on Persian metaphysics. Back in Lahore in 1908, he opened a law practice but turned his energy to poetry and philosophy — works like "Asrar-e-Khudi" and "Bang-e-Dara" won him acclaim in Urdu; his Persian verse earned recognition in Iran. Elected to the Punjab Legisl…
Sourced, dated quotes from Muhammad Iqbal
[T]he tyranny of imperialism struts abroad, covering its face under the masks of Democracy, Nationalism, Communism, Fascism and heaven knows what else besides.
The principle that each group is entitled to its free development on its own lines is not inspired by any feeling of narrow communalism. There are communalisms and communalisms.
I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State.
I have already indicated to you the meaning of the word religion, as applied to Islam. The truth is that Islam is not a Church.
The immediacy of mystic experience simply means that we know God just as we know other objects.
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