King of Sparta from c. 489 BC to 480 BC
He held a mountain pass with three hundred Spartans against a Persian army that numbered in the hundreds of thousands, died on the third day, and entered Western memory as the shape of doomed resistance.
Leonidas I was born around 540 BC, son of King Anaxandridas II and seventeenth in the Agiad line that claimed Heracles as ancestor. He took Sparta's throne around 489 BC after his half-brother Cleomenes I, ruling jointly with Leotychidas II in the city-state's unusual dual-kingship. In 480 BC the Second Greco-Persian War brought him to Thermopylae, a narrow coastal pass where he led allied Greek forces—including his personal guard of three hundred Spartans—in a last stand against the invading Persian army. He was killed early on the third day of fighting, August 11, 480 BC. The Greeks lost The…
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