John II Casimir Vasa
King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1648–1668)
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He was captured by Richelieu, became a Jesuit cardinal, then gave it up to inherit a collapsing kingdom. John II Casimir Vasa reigned through Sweden's occupation of Kraków, Cossack revolt, Russian invasion, and noble rebellion — then abdicated and left for France.
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Second son of Sigismund III Vasa, John Casimir was seized by Cardinal Richelieu in 1638 while sailing to negotiate an anti-French alliance and held at Vincennes for two years. Released on his brother's promise, he joined the Jesuits in Rome in 1643 and was made cardinal by Innocent X. He returned to Poland as a layman and took the throne in 1648, inheriting the Cossack uprising under Bohdan Khmelnytsky that had already torn into the country's heartland. Russia and Sweden renewed their assaults; Charles X Gustav marched through Poland and occupied Kraków in 1655, forcing John Casimir to flee to…
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- Pantheon 2.0High confidencedatabase · pantheon.world
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