Ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire
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The last Khwarazmshah spent seven years as a warlord without a throne — beating back Genghis Khan's generals once, then fleeing across the Indus when the Khan himself came for him, then carving short-lived states from Punjab to Georgia until a Kurdish band killed him in 1231.
Jalal al-Din was raised in Gurganj, the wealthy Khwarazmid capital, and served as his father's second-in-command in battle. When the Mongol conquest drove Ala ad-Din Muhammad II to die on a Caspian island, Jalal al-Din claimed succession despite being a concubine's son and facing a challenge backed by the Queen Mother. He gathered a substantial army at Ghazni and handed Shigi Qutuqu an excellent defeat at the Battle of Parwan, but lost much of his force in a dispute over spoils. Genghis Khan crushed him at the Battle of the Indus; he swam the river and survived as a warlord, holding the Punjab…
Sourced, dated quotes from Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
Jalâl al-Dîn whom all the rulers on earth held in awe and feared." - Ibn Al-Athir.
Jalâl al-Dîn was a bad ruler who administered his realm abominably.
The Sultãn then went towards Dewal and Darbela and Jaisî… The Sultãn raised a Jãmi‘ Masjid at Dewal, on the spot where an idol temple stood.
...the Sultan Jalaldin - valorous and brave, courageous and fearless like some immaterial being, superb, strong and an excellent fighter ..." 13th century Georgian Royal Annals.
Sultan Jalal ud-Din, Mangburni, was the eldest son of Sultan Muhammad, and was endowed with great heroism, valour and high talents and accomplishments.
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