German physicist (1824–1887)
He gave physics the rules that let current flow make sense and showed that light could fingerprint the elements—work so fundamental that four separate sets of laws carry his name.
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born in Prussia on 12 March 1824 and trained as both physicist and mathematician. His early work cracked open electrical circuits, establishing principles still taught in every engineering course. By 1860 he had moved to light itself: working alongside Robert Bunsen, he helped invent spectroscopy and coined the term "black body" to describe how heated objects radiate. The method let them read the composition of distant stars from their glow. His reach stretched across thermochemistry and diffraction, each field claiming a Kirchhoff law. He died in Berlin on 17 Octob…
Sourced, dated quotes from Gustav Kirchhoff
Heat rays have the same nature as light rays... The invisible heat rays are distinguished from light rays only by the period of or the wave length.
All heat rays follow the same laws in their propagation, which are known for light rays.
Of the heat rays... sent... to a body by its surroundings a part are absorbed, the others are... varied by reflection and . The rays refracted and reflected... pass off...
Through the radiations... a body sends out, the quantity of ... it contains will... sustain a loss... equivalent to the of those rays, and through the heat rays...
[I]n certain cases an exception to this rule may occur... [when] absorption and the radiation produce other changes in the body.., for example in bodies...
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