Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 to 1190
He held more crowns than most rulers could name — Germany, Italy, Burgundy, the Holy Roman Empire — and drowned crossing a river on crusade in 1190, his army scattering before they ever reached the Holy Land. "Barbarossa" wasn't even his medieval nickname; Florentines invented it a century later to tell him apart from his grandson.
Frederick III of Swabia became an acceptable candidate for Holy Roman Emperor in 1152 because his bloodline straddled Germany's two feuding dynasties: Hohenstaufen father, Welf mother. He collected his crowns methodically — Frankfurt and Aachen in March 1152, Pavia in 1155, Rome by papal hand that June, Arles in 1178 — and spent his reign trying to restore Roman law as a counterweight to the Church's grip on German territories after the Investiture controversy. Historians credit him with unusual stamina, battlefield skill, and political cunning that made contemporaries think him nearly superhu…
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