Grand Duke of Tuscany
He ruled Tuscany for nearly half a century and kept a laboratory bench alongside his throne — but his long reign marks the hinge between Medici brilliance and irreversible decline.
Ferdinando II de' Medici became Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1621 at age ten, eldest son of Cosimo II and Maria Maddalena of Austria. Contemporaries knew him as a man drawn to culture and science: he worked directly in the Accademia del Cimento, Italy's first official scientific society, founded by his younger brother Leopoldo. He married his first cousin, Vittoria della Rovere, and they had two children who survived to adulthood — Cosimo III and Francesco Maria, who became a cardinal. His 49-year reign saw the beginning of Tuscany's long economic slide, a descent his son Cosimo III would accelera…
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