Holy Roman Emperor
The emperor whose religious absolutism turned a regional rebellion into the Thirty Years' War — three decades that killed a third of the German-speaking population and left the Holy Roman Empire a husk.
Ferdinand was born in 1578 to devout Catholic parents who sent him to the Jesuits at eleven to keep him clear of Lutheran nobles. He inherited Inner Austria months later when his father died, and by 1596 he was installed as its actual ruler. From 1598 he enforced hard Counter-Reformation policy: Protestant pastors expelled, special commissions sent to restore Catholic parishes, religious regulation treated as royal prerogative. Matthias died in March 1619; Ferdinand was elected emperor in Frankfurt on 28 August, two days after the Protestant Bohemian Estates had deposed him as their king. News…
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