Bolshevik revolutionary and founder of the first Soviet secret police organs (1877-1926)
He built the Soviet state's first secret police apparatus from scratch — the Cheka, GPU, and OGPU — and ran them all until his death, becoming the face of revolutionary terror and the template for every political enforcer who followed.
Born in 1877 to Polish nobility in Russian Poland, Dzerzhinsky turned revolutionary young, joined the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, and spent years bouncing between arrests and Siberian exile, escaping every time while studying the methods of the Okhrana he was dodging. Imprisoned after a final arrest in 1912, he sat in a cell until the February Revolution freed him in 1917; he joined Lenin's Bolsheviks and helped carry the October Revolution through. That December, Lenin handed him the newly formed Cheka with orders to crush counter-revolution, and the civil war tha…
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