French mathematician (1811-1832)
He cracked a 350-year-old problem about polynomials while still a teenager, inventing entire branches of mathematics that now carry his name. Then he died in a duel at twenty, the night before scribbling theories the world would spend decades catching up to.
Évariste Galois was born on 25 October 1811 in France, and by his teens had already determined the necessary and sufficient condition for a polynomial to be solvable by radicals — a question mathematicians had chased since the 1600s. That work became the foundation for Galois theory and group theory, two pillars of abstract algebra. But he was also a committed Republican, swept into the upheaval of the 1830 Revolution, and his activism landed him in jail repeatedly, including one stretch of several months. Shortly after his release, for reasons still unclear, he accepted a challenge to duel. H…
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