Emmy Noether is read about 1,071 times a day, in 85 languages.
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Something wrong?She proved the theorem that ties symmetry to conservation laws in physics - a result Einstein and her peers called one of the most important in guiding modern physics. But she spent seven years working without pay, then four more lecturing under a male colleague's name, before Nazi Germany expelled her altogether.
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Born in 1882 to a Jewish family in Erlangen, Emmy Noether first planned to teach languages, then followed her mathematician father into the field. She finished her doctorate in 1907 and worked unpaid at Erlangen for seven years - women were barred from academic posts. In 1915 David Hilbert and Felix Klein brought her to Göttingen, but the faculty blocked her appointment; she lectured under Hilbert's name until her habilitation came through in 1919. From 1920 to 1926 she reshaped abstract algebra, developing ideal theory in commutative rings and introducing the ascending chain condition that now bears her name. By 1932 her work anchored van der Waerden's textbook and earned her a plenary address in Zürich. A year later the Nazi government dismissed her. She moved to Bryn Mawr College, taught graduate women, and kept working at the Institute for Advanced Study until her death in 1935.
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