King of Sardinia from 1831 to 1849
The king who gave Italy its first constitution, then led an army against Austria to unite the peninsula — and lost so badly he abdicated and died in exile four months later.
Charles Albert grew up in Napoleonic France with a liberal education, but his politics swung wildly. As Prince of Carignano in 1821, he backed a constitutional rebellion, then withdrew support and turned conservative — even marching with French legitimists against Spanish liberals in 1823. He became King of Sardinia in 1831 when his distant cousin died without an heir. After years of backing European monarchist causes, he shifted course in 1848: he granted the Statuto Albertino, Italy's first constitution, and declared war on Austria to free the north from Habsburg rule. Pope Pius IX and Ferdi…
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