King of Pergamon, reigned 241–197 BC
He beat back Celtic warbands terrorizing Asia Minor, claimed the title "Savior," and became the first of his line to call himself king — then spent the rest of his reign navigating Rome's rise and the bloody chess of Hellenistic powers.
Attalus I inherited Pergamon from his adoptive father Eumenes I in 241 BC, ruling a Greek city-state wedged between empires. Around 240–235 BC he won the Battle of the Caecus River against the Galatians — migratory Celts who had been raiding and extorting tribute across Asia Minor for a generation — and commemorated the triumph with monuments including The Dying Gaul. The victory earned him the surname Soter and the audacity to assume the title of king, the first Attalid to do so. He aligned Pergamon with Rome during the first and second Macedonian Wars against Philip V, contributing modest fo…
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