Archduke of Austria (1771-1847)
The Austrian field marshal who handed Napoleon his first major defeat — at Aspern-Essling in 1809 — and spent two decades forcing French revolutionary armies back across the Rhine.
Born the third son of Emperor Leopold II in 1771, Charles was epileptic but rose to command Austria's forces against revolutionary France. He won at Neerwinden in 1793, stumbled at Wattignies and Fleurus, then in 1796 took charge of all Austrian armies on the Rhine and drove Jourdan and Moreau back with victories at Amberg, Würzburg, and Schliengen. He reformed Austria's military to adopt the nation-at-arms principle and kept winning — Ostrach, Stockach, Zürich. In 1809 he dealt Napoleon the shock at Aspern-Essling, then took a brutal loss at Wagram and left the field for good. Clausewitz faul…
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