António Egas Moniz

António Egas Moniz was a Portuguese neurologist who built a dual career in medicine and politics, holding legislative and diplomatic posts in the Portuguese government while ascending to professor of neurology in Lisbon in 1911. He developed cerebral angiography, a breakthrough imaging technique, then turned his attention to psychosurgery and created leucotomy—the procedure that became known as lobotomy—as a treatment for mental illness. In 1949, he became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize, sharing it with Walter Rudolf Hess for his work on leucotomy. He retired from his a…