Arab polytheist leader of the Quraysh tribe (c. 570–624)
He commanded the fiercest resistance to early Islam in Mecca — persecuting converts, leading attacks, earning the name "Father of Ignorance" from the prophet he spent his life trying to crush.
Born around 570 into the Makhzum clan, Amr ibn Hishām held enough respect among the Quraysh to be called Abu al-Hakam, "Father of Wisdom." When Muhammad began preaching monotheism, Amr turned that influence into relentless opposition. He organized physical attacks on early Muslims and tortured converts including Sumayya and Yasir ibn Amir — methods severe enough that Muhammad renamed him Abu Jahl, "Father of Ignorance," and called him "Pharaoh of the Nation." After the Muslims migrated to Medina, Amr assembled a polytheist army and marched north. At the Battle of Badr on 13 March 624, he led f…
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