Political and religious leader of Tibet (1617–1682)
He made the office matter. Before him, Dalai Lamas held spiritual authority; he took temporal power too, unified Tibet by force and diplomacy, and turned a religious title into a throne. The Potala Palace still stands as his monument.
Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso was recognized as the 5th Dalai Lama in 1617. He became the first to hold both spiritual and political leadership over Tibet, unifying the region under the Ganden Phodrang after Gushri Khan's military campaigns. As head of state, he built simultaneous priest-patron ties with Mongolia and the Qing dynasty, maintained good relations with neighboring powers, and began the practice of receiving early European explorers. He constructed the Potala Palace and authored twenty-four volumes of scholarly and religious works across a wide range of subjects before his death in 1682.…
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