Empress of Ethiopia (1876-1930)
She held the throne of one of Africa's oldest empires while her heir apparent rewrote the country beneath her. Ethiopia's first and only empress regnant spent fourteen years blocking the reforms that would define the nation after her death.
Born Askala Maryam on 29 April 1876, she was forty and childless when crowned Empress Zewditu in February 1917, following the dethroning of Lij Iyasu. The conservative factions and Ethiopian Orthodox Church backed her as a stabilizing force, and she modeled her reign after Queen Victoria's—holding firm to traditional values while her regent, Ras Tafari Makonnen, pushed modernization and international diplomacy. The dual power arrangement created constant tension: she resisted the very changes he championed, anchored by staunch religiosity and suspicion of foreign entanglement even as colonial…
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