German field marshal (1880–1971)
A Wehrmacht field marshal who led successful invasions of Poland, France, and the Balkans, then spent the rest of his life defined by what happened under his command in Yugoslavia — mass civilian killings that earned him a life sentence at Nuremberg.
Siegmund Wilhelm Walther List was born 14 May 1880 and built his career as a Bavarian Army staff officer in World War I, then as a senior training official in the interwar Reichswehr. In 1939 he commanded the 14th Army into Poland, then the 12th Army into France in 1940 — success that brought his field marshal's baton. His 12th Army took Yugoslavia and Greece in April 1941; he oversaw anti-partisan operations in the Balkans until resigning that October. Recalled in July 1942 to lead Army Group A's thrust toward the Caucasus, List clashed with Hitler over strategy and was forced into retirement…
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