2nd Rashidun Caliph from 634 to 644
People connected to Umar
The second caliph of Islam presided over the fastest territorial expansion in early Islamic history, conquering the Persian Empire and most of Byzantine territory in a decade — then was killed by a Persian slave in 644.
Umar ibn al-Khattab opposed Muhammad at first, a distant kinsman from the Quraysh who stood against the new faith. He converted in 616 and became the first Muslim to pray openly at the Kaaba, earning the title al-Fārūq — "the Distinguisher" — for his judgment. After Muhammad's death in 632, he served as chief adviser to the first caliph Abu Bakr, who nominated him as successor in 634. His eight-year reign redrew the map: the Sasanian Empire fell completely within two years, and more than two-thirds of Byzantium followed. Jewish tradition credits him with reversing the Christian ban on Jews in…
Sourced, dated quotes from Umar
For those who practise tyranny and deprive others of their rights, I will be harsh and stern, but for those who follow the law, I will be most soft and tender.
I will be harsh and stern against the aggressor, but I will be a pillar of strength for the weak.
Remember, I have not appointed you as commanders and tyrants over the people. I have sent you as leaders instead, so that the people may follow your example.
I know that you are just a stone and that you can neither do any harm nor give benefit.
I advise you to fear Allah alone, with no partner of associate. I advise you to treat the first Muhâjireen well and acknowledge their seniority.
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