Khan of the Golden Horde who rebuilt a fractured empire, sacked Moscow in 1382 to drag Russian principalities back into vassalage, then lost it all when his former patron Timur turned on him and crushed him twice.
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Troops of Tokhtamysh (detail). Topkapi H.2153, 1420-1440, possibly Herat.
The full extent of Tokhtamysh's authority.
Tokhtamysh and the armies of the Golden Horde rally in front of Moscow, 1382. Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible (1560-1570)
Battle between Timur (left) and Tokhtamysh (right), 1420-1440, possibly Herat. Topkapi H.2153.
Timur and his troops gather to launch a war against Tokhtamysh. Zafarnama, 1533
Tokhtamysh defeated by Timur. Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible (1560-1570)
Shādī Beg kills Tokhtamysh. Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible (1560-1570)In their orbit 8
About this person
Born around 1342 into the House of Borjigin with Genghis Khan's blood, Tokhtamysh spent his early years fighting his father's cousin Urus Khan and his sons for survival. He turned to the Turco-Mongol warlord Timur for backing and with that help defeated his enemies, rising from fugitive to khan in 1380 during the Golden Horde's long collapse. He moved quickly, consolidating the Blue and White Hordes into a single polity, then led an expedition north and besieged Moscow in 1382, reasserting Tatar-Mongol control and restarting the flow of tribute. The military confrontations with Timur became the hinge: his former protector invaded the Golden Horde and defeated him twice, crushing defeats that undid everything Tokhtamysh had built and led to his destruction. He died in 1406, often called the last great ruler of the Golden Horde.
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