Pope of the Catholic Church from 1353 to 1362
The fifth pope to rule from Avignon instead of Rome, he spent a decade trying to restore papal authority in Italy while negotiating peace between England and France — all from exile in southern France.
Étienne Aubert, born in 1282 in the Diocese of Limoges, taught civil law before climbing through church offices to Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia and Velletri under Clement VI. Elected pope on 30 December 1352, he immediately revoked an agreement that would have placed the college of cardinals above him and set about reforming church administration. He dispatched Cardinal Albornoz as legate to restore order in Rome while he remained in Avignon, and brokered the 1360 Treaty of Brétigny between France and England. Wars in Italy and the aftermath of plague drained papal finances, forcing him to cut cha…
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